Petrogenesis of melanite-garnets in monzodiorites from SW of Jandaq (NW of Central-East Iranian Microcontinent)

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Ahmad Jamshidzaei ¹
• Khadijeh Khalili ²
• Ghodrat Torabi ³

¹ Ph.D., Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Payam Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

³ Professor, Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

10.22067/ECONG.2024.1091

Abstract

The Godar-e-Siah Eocene monzodiorite stock is located in the southwest of the Jandaq area (NE of Isfahan) and northwest of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM). The main minerals in these monzodiorites are plagioclase, K-feldspar, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, and garnet, which are set in a fine-grained groundmass of feldspars. The main textures are granular, porphyritic, and poikilitic. In some cases, these rocks contain euhedral to subhedral garnet crystals with inclusions of the igneous clinopyroxene and groundmass minerals including feldspar and graphite. These garnets exhibit Ti-andradite and Ca-melanite composition from the solid solution series of andradite-grossular. The chemical zoning patterns of the studied garnets confirm that these garnets have a non-magmatic origin and metamorphic nature. In the investigated monzodiorites, the presence of euhedral garnet crystals with inclusions of igneous clinopyroxenes metasomatic scapolite, and metasomatic phlogopite shows that these garnets are of metasomatic origin, which formed due to the alteration of igneous clinopyroxenes. All geochemical and petrographic evidences from the studied garnets indicate that they have formed as a result of the intrusion of Eocene monzodiotites into the carboniferous limestones (or dolomites), leading to the creation of endoskarn or reactions skarn that can be distinguished at the millimetric scale in microscopic studies.
 
Introduction
Garnet is a general mineral forms in metamorphic rocks derived from the sedimentary and igneous protoliths and at all metamorphic grades above the greenschist facies (Baxter et al., 2017). However, the presence of garnet in certain types of igneous rocks, such as peraluminous granite and ultramafic rocks in the upper mantle, introduces complexities in unraveling the petrogenesis of garnets in igneous and metamorphic rocks (Rong et al., 2018). Titanium-rich garnets are enriched in andradite, occur in various types of rocks, including a variety of igneous rocks, encompassing trachytes and phonolites (Dingwell and Brearley 1985), syenites and carbonatites, nephelinites and tephrites (Gwalani et al., 2000), as well as ultramafic lamprophyres, rodingites (Schmitt et al., 2019); high temperature metamorphic rocks and skarns.
The composition of titaniferous garnets besides their paragenetic relationships is one of the significant petrology factors (Chakhmouradian and McCammon, 2005).
The study area is situated in the northwestern part of the CEIM (northwestern part of the Yazd block), and southwest of the Jandaq City. The rock units of the Jandaq area are mainly include Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Upper Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, Cretaceous and Paleocene sediments, Eocene intrusive rocks, Eocene subvolcanic (dikes) and volcanic rocks (Jamshidzaei et al., 2021), the Pis-Kuh upper Eocene sedimentary rocks (flysch), and Early Oligocene lamprophyric rocks, and alkali basalts (Torabi, 2010; Berra et al., 2017; Sargazi et al., 2019; Jamshidzaei et al., 2021). In this paper, the chemical characteristics of the monzodiorite stock and origin of garnet mineral are discussed.
 
Material and methods
To determine the chemical compositions of minerals, JEOL JXA-8800 WDS at the Department of Earth Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan was used. Chemical analyses of minerals was performed under an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, a probe current of 20 nA, and a focused beam diameter of 3μm. The ZAF program was used for data correction. Natural minerals and synthetic materials with well-characterized compositions serve as standards for calibration and validation purposes. The Fe²⁺# and Mg# parameters of minerals are represented by the atomic ratios of Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg) and Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺), respectively. To recalculate the FeO and Fe₂O₃ concentrations from Fe₂O₃^*, recommended ratios of Middlemost (1989) is used. The mineral abbreviations used in this context are derived from Whitney and Evans (2010).
 
Results and discussion
The monzodiorites of the Godar-e-Siah area mostly show fine to coarse-grained granular, porphyritic and poikilitic textures. These rocks are mesocrate in color, displaying massive and mineralogically homogeneous nature in their outcrops. K-feldspars are the primary minerals and garnet mineral is imposed on these rocks. The main minerals of this monzodiorite stock are plagioclase, K-feldspar, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, and garnet, set in a fine-grained matrix of feldspars. These rocks have mainly granular, porphyritic, and poikilitic textures. In some cases, these rocks contain euhedral to subhedral garnet crystals with inclusions of igneous clinopyroxene and groundmass minerals including feldspar and graphite. These garnets have a composition of Ti-garnet and Ca-melanite from the solid solution series of andradite-grossular. Based on the EPMA data, the clinopyroxenes show diopside to hedenbergite compositions, indicating that two types of clinopyroxene are in these rocks. The first group of this mineral contain MgO (6.9-10.20 wt.%), FeO*(11-16.88 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (2-5.84), and Na₂O (1.1-1.9 wt.%), is reactive pyroxenes. The second category contains MgO (9.98-12.89 wt.%), FeO* (9.13-13.87 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (1.82-3.11 wt.%), and Na₂O (0.7-1.42% Wt.%), is igneous pyroxenes. Chemistry of the pyroxenes reveals that reactive pyroxenes have higher concentrations of FeO* and Al₂O₃ than igneous pyroxenes. Chemistry of the feldspars indicates that the K-feldspars is orthoclase in composition. Also, chemical analyses of mica show that these minerals contain high concentrations of MgO (21.54-22.60 wt.%) and low values of Al₂O₃ (12.89-13.30 wt.%). The mica from the studied rocks of the Jandaq area plots in the phlogopite field. The garnet grains in these rocks contain 61.94-66.39 mol.% almandine (Fe₂Al₂Si₃O₁₂), 18.60-23.40 mol.% grossular (Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂), 10.06-15.11 mol.% pyrope (Mg₂Al₂Si₃O₁₂), and 1.09-4.32 mol.% spessartine (Mn₂Al₂Si₃O₁₂). These garnets have a composition of Ti-garnet and Ca-melanite from the solid solution series of andradite-grossular. The chemical zoning patterns of the studied garnets confirm that these garnets have a non-magmatic origin and metamorphic nature. The presence of discontinuous chemical zoning and the pattern of variations in the end-member compositions of these garnets indicate that they were formed under disequilibrium conditions accompanied by changes in the environmental oxidation conditions. In the studied monzodiorites, the presence of euhedral garnet crystals with inclusions of igneous clinopyroxenes, metasomatic scapolite, and metasomatic phlogopite shows that these garnets are of metasomatic origin which formed due to the alteration of igneous clinopyroxenes. The geochemical characteristics and petrographic evidences from the studied garnets; including the presence of euhedral crystals with distinct boundaries to contact minerals, the occurrence of inclusions of background minerals and igneous clinopyroxenes in the garnets, as well as the presence of discontinuous chemical zoning, confirms that they have formed as a result of the intrusion of Eocene monzodiotites into the carboniferous limestones (or dolomites), leading to the creation  of endoskarn or reactions skarn.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the University of Isfahan for financial supports.

Keywords

• Petrogenesis
• Melanite-Garnet
• Monzodiorite
• Endo-skarn
• Jandaq
• Central-East Iranian Microcontinent

---

References

Ague, J.J. and Carlson, W.D., 2013. Metamorphism as garnet sees it: the kinetics of nucleation and growth, equilibration, and diffusional relaxation. Elements, 9(6): 439–445. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.6.439

Ahangari, M., 2018. Origin of tourmaline and garnet in west Qushchi mylonite granite (NW Iran); constrains on petrogenesis of parental rock. Iran: Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 25(4): 697–710. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.29252/ijcm.25.4.697

Aistov, L., Melanikov, B., Krivyokin, B., Morozov, L. and Kiristaev, V., 1984. Geology of Khur Area (Central Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 20, 131 pp.

Andersen, T.B., 1984. Inclusion patterns in zoned garnets from Magerøy, north Norway. Mineralogical Magazine, 48(346): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.03

Ayati, F., 2017. Mineralogy and origin of iron rich garnetites in Choogan Area-North of Meimeh. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 27(105): 3–12. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2017.54125

Bagheri, S. and Stampfli, G.M., 2008. The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implication. Tectonophysics, 451(1–4): 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.047

Baxter, E.F., Caddick, M.J. and Ague, J.J., 2013. Garnet: Common mineral, uncommonly useful. Elements, 9(6): 415–419. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.6.415

Baxter, E.F., Caddick, M.J. and Dragovic, B., 2017. Garnet: A Rock-Forming Mineral Petrochronometer. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, 83(1): 469–533. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.83.15

Berra, F., Zanchi, A., Angiolini, L., Vachard, D., Vezzoli, G., Zanchetta, S., Bergomi, M., Javadi, H.‌R. and Kouhpeyma, M., 2017. The upper Palaeozoic Godar-e-Siah Complex of Jandaq: evidence and significance of a North Palaeotethyan succession in Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 138: 272–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.02.006

Carlson, W.D., 2002. Scales of disequilibrium and rates of equilibration during metamorphism. American Mineralogist, 87(2–3): 185–204. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-2-301

Carlson, W.D., 2006. Rates of Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ca diffusion in garnet. American Mineralogist, 91(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.2043

Carswell, D.‌A., 1975. Primary and secondary phlogopites and clinopyroxenes in garnet lherzolite xenoliths. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, pp. 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-018017-5.50034-1

Chakhmouradian, A.‌R. and McCammon, C.‌A., 2005. Schorlomite: a discussion of the crystal chemistry, formula and inter-species boundaries. Phys. Chem, 32: 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-005-0466-7

Chavideh, M., Tabatabaei Manesh, M. and Makizadeh, M., 2018. Petrology of skarns in the north and the southwest of Qazan (South Qamsar) with emphasis on the mineral chemistry of garnet and pyroxene. Petrological Journal, 9(1): 111–132. https://doi.org/10.22108/ijp.2017.100423.0

Chen, N.S., Sun, M., You, Z.D. and Malpas, J., 1998. Well-preserved garnet growth zoning in granulite from the Dabie Mountains, central China. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16(2): 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00074.x

Ciboanu, C.‌L. and Cook, N.‌J., 2004. Skarn texture and a case study: The ocna de Fier- Dognccea ore field, Banat, Romania. Ore Geology Reviews, 24(3–4): 315–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.04.002

Clarke, D.B., 2007. Assimilation of xenocrysts in granitic magmas: principles, processes, proxies, and problems. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45(1): 5–30. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.45.1.5

D’Antonio, M. and Kristensen, M.B., 2005. Hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust in the West Philippine Sea Basin (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195, Site 1201): inferences from a mineral chemistry investigation. Mineralogy and Petrology, 83: 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0060-6

Dahlquist, J.‌A., Galindo, C., Pankhurst, R.‌J., Rapela, C.‌W., Alasino, P.‌H., Saavedra, J. and Fanning, C.M., 2007. Magmatic evolution of the Peñón Rosado granite: petrogenesis of garnet-bearing granitoids. Lithos, 95(3–4): 177–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.07.010

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1992. An introduction to the rock forming minerals, 2nd edition. Longman Scientic and Technical, New York, 699 pp.

Delaney, J.‌S., Smith, J.‌V., Carswell, D.‌A. and Dawson, J.‌B., 1980. Chemistry of micas from kimberlites and xenoliths—II. Primary-and secondary-textured micas 140 from peridotite xenoliths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(6): 857–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90266-5

Deng, X.D., Li, J.W., Luo, T. and Wang, H.Q., 2017. Dating magmatic and hydrothermal processes using andradite-rich garnet U–Pb geochronometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172‌(71): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1389-2

Dingwell, D.‌B. and Brearley, M., 1985. Mineral chemistry of igneous melanite garnets from analcite-bearing volcanic rocks, Alberta, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 90: 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373038

Dziggel, A., Wulff, K., Kolb, J., Meyer, F.M. and Lahaye, Y., 2009. Significance of oscillatory and bell-shaped growth zoning in hydrothermal garnet: Evidence from the Navachab gold deposit, Namibia. Journal of Chemical Geology, 262 (3–4): 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.01.027

Einaudi, M.T. and Burt, D.M., 1982. Introduction; Terminology, Classification, and Composition of Skarn Deposits.Economic Geology, 77(4): 745–754. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.4.745

Finlay, C.A. and Kerr, A., 1979. Garnet growth in a metapelite from the Moinian rocks of northern Sutherland, Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 71(2): 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375435

Foster, M.D., 1960. Interpretation of the composition of the tri octahedral micas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 354‌(1): 11–49. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp354B

Gaspar, M., Knaack, C., Meinert, L.D. and Moretti, R., 2008. REE in skarn systems: A LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the Crown Jewel gold deposit. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 72(1): 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.09.033

George, F.R., Gaidies, F. and Boucher, B., 2018. Population-wide garnet growth zoning revealed by LA-ICP-MS mapping: implications for trace element equilibration and syn-kinematic deformation during crystallisation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 173(74): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1503-0

Green, T.‌H., 1992. Experimental phase equilibrium studies of garnet-bearing I-type volcanics and high-level intrusives from Northland, New Zealand. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 83(1–2): 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300008105

Grew, E.‌S., Locock, A.‌J., Mills, S.‌J., Galuskina, I. O., Galuskin, E.‌V. and Hålenius, U., 2013. Nomenclature of the garnet supergroup. American Mineralogist, 98(4): 785–811. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2013.4201

Gwalani, L.‌G., Rock, N.‌M.‌S., Ramaswamy, R., Griffin, B.‌J. and Mulai, B.‌P., 2000, Complexly zoned Ti-rich melanite–schorlomite garnets from Ambadungar carbonatite-alkalic complex, Deccan Igneous Province, Gujarat State, western India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences., 18(2): 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00053-X

Hajialioghli, R. and Moazzen, M., 2009. Heterogeneous garnets in the alkaline feldspathoid-bearing rocks from the Kaleybar pluton, northern Azerbaijan (NW Iran). Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 17(2): 203–212. (in Persian) Retrieved February 10, 2024 from http://ijcm.ir/article-1-581-.pdf

Harangi, S.‌Z., Downes, H., Kósa, L., Szabo, C.‌S., Thirlwall, M.‌F., Mason, P.‌R.‌D. and Mattey, D., 2001. Almandine garnet in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of the Northern Pannonian Basin (Eastern–Central Europe): Geochemistry, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications. Journal of Petrology, 42(10): 1813–1843. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.10.1813

Huggins, F.‌E., Virgo, D. and Huckenholz, H.‌G., 1977. Titanium-containing silicate garnet; I, The distribution of Al, Fe (super ³⁺), and Ti (super ⁴⁺) between octahedral and tetrahedral sites. American Mineralogist, 62(5–6): 475–490. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/62/5-6/475/104579/Titanium-containing-silicate-garnet-I-The

Hwang, S.L., Shen, P., Yui, T.F. and Chu, H.T., 2003. On the mechanism of resorption zoning in metamorphic garnet. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 21(8): 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00477.x

Jamshidzaei, A., 2021. Petrology of felsic stock and intermediate Dikes of Eocene from Godar-e-Siah area (SW of Jandaq, Isfahan province). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, 176 pp.

Jamshidzaei, A. and Torabi., 2018. Petrology of porphyritic quartz monzodiorite stock and Eocene Dikes with adakitic nature from SW of Jandaq (NE of Isfahan province); Evidence of oceanic crust subduction around the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. Journal of Economic Geology 10(2): 355–379. )in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v10i2.63996

Jamshidzaei, A., Torabi, G., Morishita, T. and Tamura, A., 2021. Eocene dike swarm and felsic stock in Central Iran: roles of metasomatized mantle wedge and Neo-Tethyan slab. Journal of Geodynamics, 145: 101844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2021.101844

Jamtveit, B. and Wogelius, R.A., 1993. Fraser, D.G. Zonation Patterns of Skarn Garnets—Records of Hydrothermal System Evolution. Geology, 21(2): 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021%3C0113:ZPOSGR%3E2.3.CO;2

Kantak, D.J. and Corey, M., 1988. Metasomatic origin of spessartine_rich garnet in the soth mountiain batholiths, nova Scotia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26(2): 318–334. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/26/2/315/12012/Metasomatic-origin-of-spessartine-rich-garnet-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Kawabata, H. and Takafuji, N., 2005. Origin of garnet crystals in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Setouchi volcanic belt, Japan. Mineralogical Magazine, 69(6): 951–971. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461056960301

Konrad-Schmolke, M., O'Brien, P.J., de Capitani, C. and Carswell, D.A., 2008. Garnet growth at high-and ultra-high pressure conditions and the effect of element fractionation on mineral modes and composition. Lithos, 103(3–4): 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.10.007

Krippner, A., Meinhold, G., Morton, A. and Eynatten, H.V., 2014. Evaluation of garnet discrimination diagrams using geochemical data of garnets derived from various host rocks. Sedimentary Geology, 306: 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.03.004

Lackey, J.‌S., Romero, G.‌A., Bouvier, A.‌S. and Valley, J.‌W., 2012. Dynamic growth of garnet in granitic magmas. Geology, 40(2): 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32349.1

Lang, J.R., Lueck, B., Mortensen, J.K., Kelly Russell, J., Stanley, C.R. and Thompson, J.F., 1995. Triassic-Jurassic silica-undersaturated and silica-saturated alkalic intrusions in the Cordillera of British Columbia: Implications for arc magmatism. Geology, 23(5): 451–454. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023%3C0451:TJSUAS%3E2.3.CO;2

Lentz, D.‌R., 1998. Mineralized intrusion-related skarn systems. In: D.R. Lentz (Editor). Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 630-650. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1999.063.3.05

Locock, A., 2008. An Excel spreadsheet to recast analyses of garnet end-member componets, and a synopsis of the crystal chemistry of natural silicate garnets. Computers and Geosciences, 34(12): 1769–1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.013

London, D., 2014. A petrologic assessment of internal zonation in granitic pegmatites. Lithos, 184–187: 74–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.10.025

L'Heureux, I. and Fowler, A.D., 1994. A nonlinear dynamical model of oscillatory zoning in plagioclase. American Mineralogist, 79(9–10): 885–891. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/79/9-10/885/42921/A-nonlinear-dynamical-model-of-oscillatory-zoning

MacQueen, J.A. and Powell, D., 1977. Relationships between deformation and garnet growth in Moine (Precambrian) rocks of western Scotland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88(2): 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88%3C235:RBDAGG%3E2.0.CO;2

Middlemost, E.A., 1989. Iron Oxidation Ratios, Norms and the Classification of Volcanic Rocks. Chemical Geology, 77(1): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90011-9

Mirnejad, H., Hasannejad, M., Miller, N., Hassanzadeh, J., Bocchio, R. and Modabberi, S., 2018. Origin and Evolution of Oscillatory Zoned Garnet from Kasva Skarn, Northeast Tafresh, Iran. The Canadian Mineralogist, 56(1): 15–37. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1700039

Moeinzadeh, S.H., Rahimisadegh, H. and Moazzen, M., 2019. The Study of amphibolites in‏‏ Bahram Gor area (northwest of‎ Gol-e Gohar mine in Sirjan), with emphasis on mineral‎ paragenesis and whole rock chemical data. Petrological Journal, 9(4): 49–66. https://doi.org/10.22108/ijp.2018.106236.1052

Morimoto, N., 1989. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Journal, 14(5): 198–‌221. https://doi.org/10.2465/minerj.14.198

Nachit, H., 1986. Contribution a L’etude analytique et experimental des biotites des granitoids Applications typologiques. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale, Brest, France, 181 pp.

Nachit, H., Ibhi, A., Abia, E.H. and Ohoud, M.B., 2005. Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites and neoformed biotites. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337(16): 1415–1420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.09.002

Nouri, F., Stern, R.J. and Azizi, H., 2022. A review of garnet deposits in western and southern Iran. International Geology Review, 64(1): 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1838335

Olimpio, J.C. and Anderson, D.E., 1978. The relationship between chemical and textural (optical) zoning in metamorphic garnets, South Morar, Scotland. American Mineralogist, 63(7–8): 677–689. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/63/7-8/677/40936/The-relationship-between-chemical-and-textural

Park, C., Song, Y., Kang, I.M., Shim, J., Chung, D. and Park, C.S., 2017. Metasomatic changes during periodic fluid flux recorded in grandite garnet from the Weondong W-skarn deposit, South Korea. Chemical Geology, 451: 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.01.011

Patranabis-Deb, S., Schieber, J. and Basu, A., 2009. Almandine garnet phenocrysts in a~ 1 Ga rhyolitic tuff from central India. Geological Magazine, 146(1): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756808005293

Peng, H.J., Zhang, C.Q., Mao, J.W., Santosh, M., Zhou, Y.M. and Hou, L., 2015. Garnets in porphyry–skarn systems: A LA–ICP–MS, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope study of garnets from the Hongniu–Hongshan copper deposit, Zhongdian area, NW Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 103: 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.020

Ramasamy, R., 1986. Titanium-bearing garnets from alkaline rocks of carbonatite complex of Tiruppattur, Tamil Nadu. Current Science, 55(20): 1026–1029. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24090977?typeAccessWorkflow=login

Ranjbar, S., Tabatabaei Manesh, S.M., Mackizadeh, M.A., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Parfenova, O.V., 2016. Geochemistry of major and rare earth elements in garnet of the Kal-e Kafi skarn, Anarak Area, Central Iran: Constraints on processes in a hydrothermal system. Geochemistry International, 54: 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702916050098

Roedder, E., 1979. Origin and significance of magmatic inclusions. Bulletin de Mineralogie, 102(5–6): 487–510. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmi_0180-9210_1979_act_102_5_7299

Rong, W., Zhang, S.B., Zheng, Y.F. and Gao, P., 2018. Mixing of felsic magmas in granite petrogenesis: geochemical records of zircon and garnet in peraluminous granitoids from South China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(4): 2738-2769. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014022

Ruan, C.T., Yu, X.Y., Su, S.G., Santosh, M. and Qin, L.J., 2022. Anatomy of Garnet from the Nanminghe Skarn Iron Deposit, China: Implications for Ore Genesis. Minerals, 12(7): 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070845

Russell, J.K., Dipple, G.M., Lang, J.R., and Lueck, B., 1999. Major-element discrimination of titanium andradite from magmatic and hydrothermal environments; an example from the Canadian Cordillera. Europe Journal of Mineralogy, 11(6): 919–935. https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/6/0919

Saha, A., Ray, J., Ganguly, S. and Chatterjee, N., 2011. Occurrence of melanite garnet in syenite and ijolite–melteigite rocks of Samchampi–Samteran alkaline complex, Mikir Hills, Northeastern India. Current Science, 101(1): 95–100. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24077869

Samadi, R., Miller, N.R., Mirnejad, H., Harris, C., Kawabata, H. and Shirdashtzadeh, N., 2014. Origin of garnet in aplite and pegmatite from Khajeh Morad in northeastern Iran: A major, trace element, and oxygen isotope approach. Lithos, 208–209: 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.08.023

Samadi, R., Valizadeh, M.V., Mirnejad, H., Baharifar, A.A. and Sheikh Zakariaee, S.J., 2015. Study of Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca Diffusion Effect on Garnet Growth (Dehnow Area, NW Mashhad, Iran). Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 24(94): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.53659

Sargazi, M., Torabi, G. and Morishita, T., 2019. Petrological characteristics of the Middle Eocene Toveireh pluton (southwest of the Jandaq, Central Iran): Implications for Eastern branch of Neo-Tethys subduction. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(4): 558–588. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1807-45

Scheibner, B., Wörner, G., Civetta, L., Stosch, H.‌G., Simon, K. and Kronz, A., 2007. Rare earth element fractionation in magmatic Ca-rich garnets. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 154(3–4): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0179-z

Schingaro, E., Lacalamita, M., Mesto, E., Ventruti, G., Pedrazzi, G., Ottolini, L. and Scordari, F., 2016. Crystal chemistry and light elements analysis of Ti-rich garnets. American Mineralogist, 101(2): 371–384. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5439

Schmetzer, K., Gilg, H.A., Schüssler, U., Panjikar, J., Calligaro, T. and Périn, P., 2017. The Linkage Between Garnets Found in India at the Arikamedu Archaeological Site and Their Source at the Garibpet Deposit. The Journal of Gemmology, 35(7): 598–627. Retrieved April 30, 2024 from https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/volume35_issue7_2017.pdf

Schmitt, C., Tokuda, M., Yoshiasa, A., Nishiyama, T., 2019. Titanian andradite in the Nomo rodingite: Chemistry, crystallography, and reaction relations. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 114(3): 111–121. https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.180731

Smith, M.P. Henderson, P. Jeffries, T.E.R. Long, J. and Williams, C., 2004. The rare earth elements and uranium in garnets from the Beinn and Dubhaich Aureole, Skye, Scotland, UK; constraints on processes in a dynamic hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology, 45(3): 457–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg087

Tabatabaei manesh, S.‌M., Mahmoodabadi, L. and Mirlohi, A. S., 2013. Geochemistry of the Eocene volcanic rocks in the SW of Jandaq (NE of Isfahan province). Petrological Journal, 4(14): 79–92. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://ijp.ui.ac.ir/article_16136.html

Tadayon, M., Rossetti, F., Zattin, M., Nozaem, R., Calzolari, G., Madanipour, S. and Salvini, F., 2017. The post-Eocene evolution of the Doruneh Fault region (Central 149 Iran): The intraplate response to the reorganization of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. Tectonics, 36(12): 3038–3064. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004595

Tappe, S., Jenner, G.A., Foley, S.F., Heaman, L., Besserer, D., Kjarsgaard, B.A. and Ryan, B., 2004. Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres and their relation to the North Atlantic Alkaline Province. Lithos, 76(1–4): 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.040

Tian, Z.D., Leng, C.B., Zhang, X.C., Zafar, T., Zhang, L.J., Hong, W. and Lai, C.K., 2019. Chemical composition, genesis and exploration implication of garnet from the Hongshan Cu-Mo skarn deposit, SW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 112: 103016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103016

Torabi, G., 2010. Early Oligocene alkaline lamprophyric dikes from the Jandaq area (Isfahan Province, Central Iran): Evidence of Central-East Iranian microcontinent confining oceanic crust subduction. Island Arc, 19(2): 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2009.00705.x

Tracy, R.J. and Frost, B.R., 1991. Phase equilibria and thermobarometry of calcareous, ultramafic and mafic rocks, and iron formations. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 26(1): 207–289. Retrieved February 10, 2024 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/rimg/article/26/1/207/87305/Phase-equilibria-and-thermobarometry-of-calcareous

Tronnes, R.G., Edgar, A.D. and Arima, M., 1985. A high pressure-high temperature study of TiO2 solubility in Mg-rich phlogopite: implications to phlogopite chemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49(11): 2323–2329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90232-7

Turbeville, B.N., 1993. Petrology and petrogenesis of the Latera caldera, central Italy. Journal of Petrology, 34(1): 77–124. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.1.77

Ulrich, T., Kamber, B.S., Jugo, P.J. and Tinkham, D.K., 2009. Imaging element-distribution patterns in minerals by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS). The Canadian Mineralogist, 47(5): 1001–1012. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.47.5.1001

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Whitney, D.L., Goergen, E.T., Ketchan, R.A. and Kunze, K., 2008. Formation of garnet polycrystals during metamorphic crystallization. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 26(3): 36–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00763.x

Yang, P. and Pattison, D., 2006. Genesis of monazite and Y zoning in garnet from the Black Hills, South Dakota. Lithos, 88(1–4): 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.08.012

Yardley, B.W.D., Rochelle, C.A., Barnicoat, A.C. and Lioyd, G.E., 1991. Oscillatory zoning in metamorphic minerals, an indicator of infiltration metasomatism. Mineralogical Magazine, 55(380): 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.380.06

Zhang, J.Y., Li, G., Tian, Y. and Schmitz, F., 2024. Inclusions and Spectral Characterization of Demantoid from Baluchistan, Pakistan. Crystals, 14(1): 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010084

Zhang, Y., Shao, Y.‌J., Wu, C.‌D. and Chen, H.‌Y., 2017. LA-ICP-MS trace element geochemistry of garnets: Constraints on hydrothermal fluid evolution and genesis of the Xinqiao Cu–S–Fe–Au deposit, eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 86: 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.03.005