Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Petrogenesis of the Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj Magmatic Complex, Central Alborz

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Fatemeh Sepidbar ¹

Mohaddeseh Yusefi ²

¹ Assistant professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² M.Sc. Student, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/econg.2025.1154

Abstract

The Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj magmatic complex, located in the Central Alborz Magmatic Belt, comprises intrusive bodies of monzogabbro, monzonite, and syenite compositions. Geochemical studies reveal that these rocks exhibit high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinities. This study investigates the origin and evolution of these K-rich calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magmas using petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopes. Key findings include: Enrichment in LREEs and LILEs (La/Sm)n=2.3–3.2] with pronounced negative Nb-Ta anomalies. Initial isotopic ratios of (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)i=0.70453–0.70535 and ɛNd (i) = +0.46 to +1.7. Nd model ages (TDM) range from 0.5 to 0.8 billion years. Geochemical modeling (Sm/Yb vs. La/Sm ratios) and isotopic signatures indicate that the primary magmas formed through 1–3% partial melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source (phlogopite-bearing spinel peridotite). This metasomatism was triggered by fluids derived from a subducted slab or sediments. Whole-rock chemical and isotopic data further demonstrate that the intrusive magmas evolved via crystal fractionation of the mantle-derived melt, coupled with minor crustal assimilation, within an extensional basin. This extensional setting developed due to slab rollback during the Iran-Arabia continental collision.
 
Introduction
The Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt resulted from the collision of the Arabian plate with Eurasia since the Tertiary, hosts two major magmatic belts in Iran (Berberian and King, 1981; Berberian, 1983): the Sanandaj-Sirjan belt (Jurassic-Cretaceous) (Stöcklin, 1974; Azizi et al., 2011; Azizi et al., 2014) and the Urmia-Dokhtar complex (Paleogene-Neogene). The Alborz Magmatic Belt (AMB), as the northern part of the Urmia-Dokhtar complex, is a key feature for understanding Cenozoic geodynamic processes in the region (Alavi, 1994) (Fig. 1A-B). The main magmatic event in the AMB occurred during the Eocene-Oligocene, involving extensive eruptions and intrusions of calc-alkaline to potassic bodies. Although the overall post-collisional tectonic setting is generally interpreted, the precise mechanisms of magma generation (especially for shoshonitic suites), the role of prior subduction, and the dynamics of the underlying mantle require targeted geochemical and isotopic studies. The Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj magmatic complex, located in the central part of the AMB, is an ideal target for such research (Fig. 1B-C). This complex is representative of Middle-Late Eocene potassic magmatism (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite age: 37.2 ± 0.8 Ma). It also features continuous, well-exposed outcrops with minimal alteration and displays a complete sequence of mafic to intermediate rocks (monzogabbro, monzonite, syenite). This study presents, for the first time, a comprehensive petrological, whole-rock geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotopic dataset for the rocks of the Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj magmatic complex with the objectives of (1) determining the initial magma origin of the primary magma and the role of mantle metasomatism, (2) identifying the magmatic processes controlling evolution (e.g., fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation), and (3) constrain the precise tectonomagmatic environment of formation. The complex is key to understanding regional Alborz geodynamics and follows a nearly complete sequence of high-potassium rocks (Sepidbar et al., 2019). These rocks record the prolonged magmatism history of the Alborz magmatic belt from the Late Cretaceous (Axen et al., 2001) to the Late Miocene (Guest et al., 2006a; Guest et al., 2006b). Here, we also report new zircon U-Pb results of the studied igneous rocks to study the age of magmatism in the Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj magmatic complex. These results are used to refine the geodynamic model for magmatism associated with the Eocene Alborz collision.
 
Results
Whole Rock Chemistry
Nine samples from intrusive rocks of the Mobarakabad-Lavasan-Karaj magmatic complex were analyzed for major and trace element compositions, and the results are presented in Table 1. According to the diagram presented by Middlemost (1994), samples from Mobarakabad are plotted in the gabbro-monzogabbro field, those from Lavasan in the monzonite and syenite field, and those from Karaj in the monzogabbro and syenite fields (Fig. 3A), consistent with field and petrographic observations. Based on the aluminum saturation index (Shand index), the molar ratio Al₂O₃/(CaO+Na₂O+K₂O) for the samples ranges from approximately 0.9 to 1.0, classifying them as metaluminous (Fig. 3B). Furthermore, on the Th-Co diagram (Hastie et al., 2007). the samples define a high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic trend. Trace element and rare earth element (REE) patterns for the complex, normalized to N-MORB and chondrite (Sun and McDonough, 1989 are shown in Figures 4A and 4B, respectively. Gabbros, monzogabbros, syenites, and monzonites exhibit parallel geochemical trends, indicating a likely genetic relationship. These rocks are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs: Rb, Th, Ba) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), with (La/Sm)_N values of 2.3–3.2. They also display significant negative anomalies in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and relatively flat heavy REE (HREE) patterns, as indicated by (Gd/Yb)_N values of 1.8–2.2. Most samples show a weak negative to positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1.1).
 
Geochronology
Lavasan Monzonite Sample (LA-6)
Zircons from the Lavasan intrusive massif yield a weighted average 206Pb/238U age of 40.9 ± 1.1 Ma = 1.5 MSWD (Fig. 5A). Zircons which are slightly older than ages of 42–45 Ma, representing an older constituent that formed.
Mubarakabad Monzogabbro Sample (MA-2)
Sixteen zircon grains from the Mubarakabad Monzogabbro show a weighted average age of 206Pb/238U of 40.4 ± 0.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.2) (Fig. 5B). Older zircons are also present and are interpreted as primary components in a long-lived magmatic chamber (206Pb/238U age of 45–46 Ma).
 
Karaj Monzogabbro Sample (K-10)
Zircon grains from the Karaj Monzogabbro show a younger weighted mean age of 206Pb/238U of 37.8 ± 0.2 Ma (MSWD = 0.8) (Fig. 5B)
 
Zircon Hf Isotope
Zircons from the Mobarakabad and Karaj monzogabbros (samples MA-2 and K-10, respectively) display εHf(t) values ​​ ranging from +4.2 to +9.8 (Table 3). The two-stage model (TDMC) age for the monzogabbro zircons using a 176Lu/177Hf value of 0.015 (Griffin et al., 2004) indicates young ages (480–850 Ma), confirming the young nature of the monzogabbro magmas. The monzonites (sample LA-6) are characterixed by zircon grains with somewhat lower εHf(i) values ​​(+1.8 to +8.7 and older TDMC between 580 and 1000 Ma).
 
Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry
The initial ratios normalized to 40 million years of age are ISr (40 Ma) and εNd (40 Ma) values ​​in the narrow range of 0.70492–0.70648 and +1.7–0.46. The single-stage depleted mantle model age for the Nd samples ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 billion years. Petrogenetic modeling indicates the primary magmas originated from 1–3% partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing spinel peridotite in the lithospheric mantle, which had been metasomatized by slab-derived fluids (as evidenced by low Ba/Rb and high Rb/Sr ratios). Subsequent evolution was controlled primarily by fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene ± plagioclase, accompanied by minor crustal assimilation.
 
Tectonic Implications
The tectonomagmatic setting is interpreted as an extensional back-arc basin, generated by Neo-Tethyan slab rollback contemporaneous with the Arabia-Eurasia collision. This syn-collisional extension induced adiabatic decompression melting of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle. This model is consistent with the diagnostic geochemical signatures of the rocks, which plot within the field of post-collisional shoshonitic suites on tectonic discrimination diagrams (e.g., Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb).
 
Conclusions
The MLK complex originated from a fluid-metasomatized lithospheric mantle source during Middle-Late Eocene NW-SE extension in the Alborz. The mechanism involved slab rollback and associated lithospheric thinning, which enabled decompression melting of phlogopite-bearing spinel peridotite. Fractional crystallization, with only minor crustal assimilation, was the dominant process controlling compositional diversity. This study underscores the role of syn-collisional extension in generating high-K magmas in the Iranian Plateau and refines geodynamic models for the broader Tethyan domain.

Keywords

Crystal fractionation

Crustal assimilation

syn-collision extensional basin

High-K calc-alkaline

Central Alborz

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