The formation model for the Komsheche barite in Triassic carbonate deposits, NE Isfahan, Central Iran: Insights from mineralogy, stable isotopes, and fluid inclusions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Nakisa Tayebi ¹
• Zahra Alaminia ²
• Ali Bahrami ³

¹ M.Sc., Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ Associate Professor, Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

10.22067/econg.2024.1111

Abstract

In the western boundary region of Central Iran with Sanandaj-Sirjan, considering the widespread carbonate units in the northeastern Isfahan area, the barite deposits have considerable potential. The Komsheche barite, hosted in the Middle Triassic Shotori dolomite Formation, is the most active mine in the region. Barite mineralization has occurred in two styles, banded-layered and veined-brecciated. Fluid inclusions in the bedded barite homogenize at temperatures from 78 to 122 ºC, with salinity between 10.9 to 17.0 wt.% eq. NaCl, while the homogenization temperature for two-phase inclusions of the second type barite is between 130 to 187 ºC and associated halite-bearing tri-phase inclusions range from 192 to 210 ºC, with an average salinity of 14.3 and 36.6 wt.% eq. NaCl, respectively. The δ³⁴S values of the samples range from 18.40 to 26.34 per mil CDT, and their δ¹⁸O values range from 8.9 to 14.7 per mil SMOW. Based on conducted studies, ore-forming fluids were formed in an open and near-bottom seawater system during the early diagenetic stage. The heavy isotope values related to pore water are locked in a closed system during the final stages of diagenetic. Sedimentary type, associated minerals, REE composition, finding of fluid inclusion and isotope reveal that Komsheche barite has the most similarity to diagenetic/cold-seep types of marine barites.
 
Introduction
In the western border of Central Iran zone with Sanandaj-Sirjan, according to the extent of carbonate units in the northeastern area of Isfahan, barite deposits have considerable potential. Part of the barytization is formed in the Middle Triassic host rock (such as Komsheche and Lamar) and part in the Lower Cretaceous host rock (such as Pinavand, Bagharabad, Maste-Kouh, Khase-Tarash and east of Mourcheh-Khort), which indicates that these sequences are prone to more discoveries in the future. These barites are unique in terms of sedimentary structure, and the Komsheche deposit is one of the representative examples of strata bound barite deposits in the Triassic sedimentary sequences of this area. Considering that the development of barite mineralization in the Triassic carbonate sequence is still in a halo of ambiguity, in this research, in addition to stratigraphic studies and investigation of the characteristics of mineralization, the mechanism of barite deposition has been tried using the mineralogical studies, the stable isotopes composition, and the fluid inclusions of barite are described.
 
Materials and methods
Field surveys were conducted to study ore layers by observing sedimentary characteristics and collecting samples from both host rock and ore. These samples were then analyzed in the laboratory through petrographic and mineralogical studies in the laboratory. Five samples were analysed by ICP-MS at the Zarazma laboratory to quantify major, minor, and rare earth elements. The study of fluid inclusions was conducted using the Linkham THM600 at University of Isfahan. The sulfur and oxygen isotopic composition in the Komsheche deposit was measured using a mass spectrometer. Values of δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O are expressed in parts per thousand or per mil (‰) using the Standard Canon Diablo Troilite (CDT) and Standard Sea Water (SMOW), respectively.
 
Results and discussion
The oldest rocks in the Komsheche mining area are assigned to the weathered orange-brown Shotori deposits of the Middle Triassic. These deposits are widespread and have a rough appearance. The lower layer, related to the Sorkh-Shale Formation (Lower Triassic), is not visible in Komsheche. The Nayband Formation, from the Upper Triassic age, consists of coaly shales and dark siltstone with interlayers of quartzitic sandstone. The Jurassic sequence is not visible in the Komsheche area, and no rocks containing Jurassic fossils have been observed in the red conglomerate of the Cretaceous base. The lack of sedimentation from the end of the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous may be due to the Cimmerian orogeny. The thin layers of sandstone and red conglomerate at the base of the Lower Cretaceous, with a thickness of up to 2 meters thick, consist of Shotori dolomite and siliceous rocks. This sequence begins without metamorphism but has a sudden change in lithology from clastic to carbonate. In the eastern parts, there is a thick layer of coarse-grained limestone, while the western parts are a sequence of olive-green marls, limestones, and sandy limestones of the Late Cretaceous age with orbitulina and ammonite fossils.
Field studies, facies analysis, and laboratory research focusing on shape, mineralogy, texture, and grade indicate that the barite mineralization at the Komsheche mine can be categorized into two main types: banded and veined/brecciated. a) Type 1: The banded facies, which is widespread, contains lower-grade mineral material. It shows a stratification consistent with the host rock, with barite and host rock alternating over a thickness of less than 10 meters and a length of 700 meters. These facies, part of the Shotori dolomite sequence, is the primary mineralized horizon. The presence of interfinger structures of barite and dolomite crystals suggests simultaneous formation in unconsolidated sediments. b) Type II: The veined/brecciated facies, located near the center of the ore deposit, occurs as vein and shear masses formed along reverse faults. This facies represents the high-grade portion of the mine, and it is mined by through open-pit mining. These veins formations are commonly found at the boundary between the Shotori carbonates and the Nayband Formation, with dolomitization and limited silicification in the host rock. Barite veins are typically less than 1.5 meters thick, are surrounded by shear zones less than 2 meters wide.
A homogenization temperature (Th) was conducted on 17 primary fluid inclusions (F.I) trapped in barite minerals from both the stratabound and veined/brecciated facies of the Komsheche deposit. The results of the analyzed fluid inclusions are presented in Table 3. In the first type barite, most fluid inclusions are single-phase liquid (L) or two-phase liquid-rich (L>V). The homogenization temperature ranges from 78 to 122 ºC, and the salinity levels range from 10.9 to 17.0 wt.% eq. NaCl. For the second type of barite, the fluid inclusions are predominantly two-phase liquid-rich (L>V), single-phase liquid (L), or three-phase with a solid phase of halite (LVH). The homogenization temperature for the two-phase inclusions of the second type is higher, ranging from 130 to 187ºC, while the three-phase inclusions with halite range from 192 to 210 ºC. The salinity levels for the second type of two-phase inclusions range from 9.5 to 16.0 wt.% eq. NaCl, and for the three-phase inclusions, it ranges from 36.2 to 37.0 wt.% eq. NaCl.
The sulfur isotope values (δ³⁴S) of the barite samples range from 18.40 to 26.34 ‰ CDT, while their oxygen isotope values (δ¹⁸O) range from 9.8 to 14.7 ‰ SMOW. The sulfur isotope values indicate isotopic diversity. A comparison with previous data (22.6 to 26.7 ‰) reported by (Forghani Tehrani, 2003; Rajabzadeh, 2007) shows differences in the distribution of measured sulfur isotope values, as shown in Table 4.
According to the latest diagenetic models, sedimentary barite layers are formed at the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) during hydrocarbon migration. Based on this study, it was found that barite mineralizing fluids in the initial diagenesis stage were found to have temperatures below 120 ºC and a salinity of about 13 wt.% eq. NaCl. These fluids form near the seafloor in a shallow sea open system where sulfate supply is associated with anaerobic oxidation of methane as a mechanism for the reduction of sulfate to H₂S.
Barite formation occurs in shallow marine environments through by downward sulfate diffusion and the transfer of hydrocarbons and barium from depth upwards. The periodic formation of barite layers is related to the stability of the SMTZ. In an open system, barite retains the oxygen and sulfur isotope values of the coeval seawater. Barite precipitation occurs by fluid cooling, fluid mixing, and/or water-rock interaction.
In the final diagenesis stages, heavy isotope amounts are linked to formation water in closed systems with high water- rock ratios. Veined barite, which is younger, may forms at deeper levels along faults over an extended period, completely replacing the host rock entirely. It is unlikely that veined barite forms near the sea floor. Deep fluids are heating by the geothermal gradient. This research suggests that the barite in question is similar to marine barites found off the coast of Southern California in diagenetic/cold seep environments.
 
Acknowledgements
Part of the information of this research has been extracted from the master's thesis project of the first author. Financial support was provided by University of Isfahan. We also acknowledge logistic support by the Falat-e Iran Barite Company.

Keywords

• Barite
• Fluid inclusion
• Stable isotope
• Diagenesis
• Isfahan
• Central Iran

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