Origin of Mineralizing Fluids in the Choghart Magnetite-Apatite Deposit, NE of Bafq: Evidence from Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Microthermometry, Stable (O-H and O-C) and Unstable Isotopes (U-Pb and Nd-Sm)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• kiamars hosseini ¹
• Majid Shahpasandzadeh ²
• Mohammad Hossein Moradian Bafghi ³

¹ M.Sc., Department of Earth Sciences, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman, Kerman, Iran

³ M.Sc., Iran Central Iron Ore Company, Bafgh, Yazd, Iran

10.22067/econg.2021.67972.1004

Abstract

Introduction
The Bafq mining district (BMD) in the Kashmar-Kerman tectonic zone hosts ~34 magnetite-hematite-apatite ore deposits with about 1500 Mt of reserves in the central Iran (Torab, 2008). The mineralization has predominantly occurred in the Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary rocks of Esfordi Formation. It consists of rhyolite, rhyodacite, spilitic basalt, and dolostone, which are intruded dominantly by the Early Cambrian granitoid intrusions (Torab, 2008). Metasomatism has not only affected vastly the ore deposits and their host rocks, but it has also controlled ore mineralization. This issue has caused ambiguity and a paradox in determining the genesis of these ore deposits. In this research study, sources of mineralization are determined in the Chogart magnetite-apatite ore deposits. The results of this research study constrain the genesis of the Choghart deposits. Moreover, they shed new light on ore-forming processes in similar ore deposits of the Bafq mining district. 
Methodology
In this research study, 87 rock and ore samples were collected from the Choghart magnetite-apatite ore deposits. 
Mineralogy characteristics of 10 apatite samples and 13 magnetite-apatite ore samples were determined by using the LEO-1400 Scanning Electron Microscope, with a voltage of 19-17 kV and a beam diameter of 20 nA. Moreover, three apatite and three albite samples were examined by using X-ray powder diffraction in the Iran Mineral Processing Research Center. Seventeen magnetite-hematite ore samples were also analyzed using ICP-MS in the Zarazma Company. For microthermometry, one sample of the 1^st-generation apatites was analyzed for fluid inclusions in the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran.
Four apatite samples were studied by the O-H isotope method in the Hungarian Laboratory in Hungary, seven calcite samples were studied by the O-C method in Ottawa, Canada, two apatite sample were studied by the Nd-Sm method in Queensland, Australia, and four apatite samples were studied by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Laser ablation method in Tasmania University in order to determine the origin of the mineralizing fluid.
 
Results
The petrography, geochemistry, and isotope studies on the host rock and magnetite-apatite ores of the Choghart deposit indicate various forms of mineralization, which is associated with extensive metasomatism. The O-H and Nd-Sm isotopes on the 1^st-generation apatites and the ratios of Sr relative to Mn of these apatites demonstrate a sedimentary origin, while the presence of ilmenite exsolution texture in the 1^st-generation magnetites shows a magmatic origin of the ore-forming processes. In addition, microthermometry of the fluid inclusions in the 1^st-generation apatites in the magnetite-apatite ore and the evaluation of the O-C isotopes on the paragenetic calcites with the 2^nd- and 3^rd-generation albites of host albite-bearing metasomatites indicate a combination of magmatic and high-temperature hydrothermal processes. The results of ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotopic studies on the 1^st-generation apatites and 1^st- and 2^nd-generation monazites inclusions of the 1^st-apatites illustrate that monazites are younger than the apatites, which could indicate separation of U-Pb by hydrothermal fluids or formation of apatite ores during a separate phenomenon.
 
Discussion
In this research study on the Choghart magnetite-apatite ores and its albite-bearing metasomatic host rocks, three generations of albites, two generations of apatites, two generations of monazites and two generations of magnetite have been identified. The geochemical evaluation of the albites indicates lower REE-Y-Ti of the 1^st-generation albites, which are sterile in terms of Th-U, compared to the 2^nd- and 3^rd-generation albites. The O-C isotope analysis of the paragenetic calcites demonstrated albitization due to the magmatic and high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. In addition, the O-H isotope studies on fluid inclusions of the apatites demonstrate atmospheric origin of the fluids, while the microthermometry results of the apatite fluid inclusions indicate magmatic and hydrothermal origins of these fluids. On the other hand, presence of ilmenite exsolutions in the magnetites and O-H isotope of the magnetites, conducted by Moore and Modabberi (2003) and Majidi et al. (2021) have shown the magmatic origin of the fluids. The Nd-Sm isotopic results of 1^st-generation apatites, rhyolitic host rock, and iron-apatite ores indicate different initial contents of their Nd isotope ratios. The similarity of εNd in the 1^st-generation apatites with phosphorite of the Soltanieh Formation, along with Sr versus Mn amounts of the apatites reinforce the idea that the apatites could have been derived from these sedimentary phosphorites, whose εNd contents increased due to the high-temperature magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, derived from the granitic intrusions, rhyolitic lavas and magnetite melts. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb dating demonstrate 490-561 million years for the 1^st-generation apatites, 511-543 million years for the 1^st-generation monazites, 503-528 million years for most of the 2^nd-generation monazites, and 112-153 million years for a limited number of 2^nd generation monazites. The different isotopic ages of the apatites and monazites shows their formation during long-term and extensive ore-forming processes during later effects of hydrothermal and magmatic fluids. This has resulted in enrichment of apatites in REE, formation of monazite inclusions along the fractures and on the surface of the apatites.
 
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation of managers and staff of the Iranian Central Iron Ore Company for their assistance during this research.
 

Keywords

• Geochemistry
• Mineralization fluid
• Choghart magnetite-apatite deposit
• Bafq
• Central Iran

20.1001.1.20087306.1401.14.1.4.5

---

References

Allen, J.R. and Wiggins, W.D., 1993. Dolomite reservoir: geochemical techniques for evaluation, origin and distribution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 129 pp.

Andreoli, M.A.G., Smith, C.B., Watkeys, M., Moore, J.M., Ashwal, L.D. and Hart, R.J., 1994. The geology of the Steenkampskraal monazite deposit, South Africa: Implications for REE-Th-Cu mineralization in charnockitegranuliteterranes. Economic Geology, 89(5): 994–1016. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.994

Asran, M., Ezzat, M. and Rahman, A., 2012. The Pan-African calck-alkaline granitoids and the associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) around Wadi Abu Zawal area, North Eastern desert, Egypt: geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis. Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences, 2(1): 1–16. Retrieved July 11, 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268407031_The_Pan-African_calc-alkaline_granitoids_and_the_associated_mafic_microgranular_enclaves_MME_around_Wadi_Abu_Zawal_area_North_Eastern_Desert_Egypt_geology_geochemistry_and_petrogenesis

Atherton, M.P. and Ghani, A.A., 2002. Slab Breakoff: a model for Caledonian, late granite syn-collisional magmatism in the orthotectonic (metamorphic) zone of Scotland and Donegal, Ireland. Lithos, 62(3–4): 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00111-1

Bell, A.S. and Simon, A., 2011. Experimental evidence for the alteration of the Fe3+/ΣFe of silicate melt caused by the degassing of chlorine-bearing aqueous volatiles. Geology, 39(5): 499–502. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31828.1

Bonyadi, Z., Davidson, G.J., Mehrabi, B., Meffre, S. and Ghazban, F., 2011. Significance of apatite REE depletion and monazite inclusions in the brecciated Se-Chahun iron oxide-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Iran: insights from paragenesis and geochemistry. Chemical Geology, 281(3–4): 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.013

Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements; meteorite studies. In: P. Henderson (Editor), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, (Developments in Geochemistry2). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 63–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3

Craig, J.R. and Vaughan, D.J., 1994. Ore microscopy and ore petrography. John Wiley& Sons Inc, Hoboken, 424 pp.

Cuney, M., Emetz, A., Mercadier, J., Mykchaylov, V., Shunko, V. and Yuslenko, A., 2012. Uranium deposits associated with Na-metasomatism from Central Ukraine: a review of some of the major deposits and genetic constraints. Ore Geology Reviews, 44(4): 82–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.013

 Daliran, F., Stosch, H.G. and Williams, P., 2007. Multi stage metasomatism and mineralization at hydrothermal Fe oxide-REE-apatite deposits and “apatitites” of the Bafq district, Central-East Iran. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, Ireland.

Daliran, F., Stosch, H.G. and Williams, P., 2010. Early Cambrian iron oxide-apatite-REE (U) deposits of the Bafq district, East-Central Iran. In: L. Corriveau and H. Mumin (Editors), Exploring for iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Canada and global analogues. Geologists Association, Canada, pp. 143–155. Retrieved May 06, 2018 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292809554_Early_Cambrian_iron_oxide-apatite-REE_U_deposits_of_the_Bafq_District_east-central_Iran

Dehghan, A.H., 2011. Geologycal prospecting plan of the Choghart deposite, scale 1:4200. Central Iron Ore Company. (in Persian)

Edfelt, A., 2007. The tjarrojakka apatite-iron and Cu(-Au) deposits, Northern Sweden, division of ore geology and applied geophysics. Ph.D. Thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, 230 pp.

Fan, H.R., Groves, D.I., Mikucki, E.J. and McNaughton, N.J., 2000. Contrasting fluid types at the Nevoria gold deposit in the Southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia: Implications of auriferous fluids depositing ores within and Archean banded iron-formation. Economic Geology, 95(7): 1527–1536. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.7.1527

Felitsyn, S.B. and Gubanov, A.P., 2002. Nd isotope composition of early Cambrian discrete basins. Geological Magazine, 139(2): 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756801006252

Forster, H., Jafarzadeh, A., 1994. The Bafq mining district in central Iran-a highly mineralized Infracambrian volcanic field. Economic Geology, 89(8): 1697–1721. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1697

 

Forster, H.J. and Borumandi, H., 1971, Neoprecambrian magnetite lava and magnetite tuffs from the Central Iran. Naturwissenschaften, 58(10): 524–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00623323

Frietsch, R. and Perdahl, J.A., 1995. Rare earth elements in apatite and magnetite in kiruna-type iron ores and some other iron ore type. Ore Geology Reviews, 9(6): 489-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(94)00015-G

Gaetani, G.A., 2004. The influence of melt structure on trace element partitioning near the peridotite solidus. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147(5): 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0575-1

Giritharan, T.S. and Rajamani, V., 2001. REE geochemistry of ore zones in the Archean auriferous schist belts of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, South India. Journal of Earth System Science, 110(2): 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02702214 

Green, N.L., 2006. Influence of slab thermal structure on basalt source regions and melting conditions: REE and HFSE constraints from the Garibaldi volcanic belt, Northern Cascadia subduction system. Lithos, 87(1–2): 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.003

Haghipour, A. and Pelissier, G., 1977. Geology of the Saghand sector. In: A. Haghipour, N. Valeh, G. Pelissier and M. Davoudzadeh (Editors), Explanatory text of the Ardekan quadrangle map. Geological Survey of Iran, Iran, pp. 10–68.

Harlov, D.E., 2015. Apatite: a fingerprint for metasomatic processes. Elements magazine, 11(3): 171–176. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.11.3.171

Harlov, D.E., Anderson, U.B., Forster, H.J., Nystrom, J.O., Dulski, P. and Broman, C., 2002. Apatite-monazite relations in the kiirunavaara magnetite-apatite ore northern Sweden. Chemical Geology, 191(1–3): 47–72.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00148-1

Harlov, D.E. and Forster, H.J., 2003. Fluid-induced nucleation of (Y+REE)-phosphate minerals within apatite: Nature and experiment (PartII, Fluorapatite). American Mineralogist, 88(8–9): 1209–1229. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-8-905

Harris, C., 1983. The petrology of lavas and associated plutonic of Ascension Island. Journal of Petrology, 24(4): 424–470. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/24.4.424

Heidarian, H., Alirezaei, S. and Lentz, D., 2017. Chadormalu kiruna-type magnetite- apatite deposite, Bafq district, Iran: Insights in to hydrothermal alteration and petrogenesis from geochemical, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope data. Ore Geology Reviews, 83(7): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.11.031

Heidarian, H., Lentz, D., Alirezaei, S., McFarlane, C. and Peighambar, S., 2018. Multiple stage ore formation in the Chadormalu iron deposit, Bafq metallogenic province, Central Iran: evidence from BSE imaging and apatite EPMA and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology. Minerals, 8(3): 87–117. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8030087

Horgarth, D.D., 1989. Pyrochlore, apatite and amphibole: distinctive minerals in carbonatite. In: K. Bell (Editor), Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 105–148.

Hosseini, K. and Shahpasandzadeh, M., 2020. Tectono-magmatic setting of the Albite-bearing metasomatite of the Ghoghart magnetite-apatite ore deposits, Bafq, Central Iran. Journal of Geosciences, 30(118): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2020.215856.1744

Huang, S., Song, Y., Houb, Z. and Xue, C., 2016. Chemical and stable isotopic (B, H, and O) compositions of tourmaline in the Maocaoping vein-type Cu deposit, western Yunnan, China: constraints on fluid source and evolution. Chemical Geology, 439(6): 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.031

Jami, M., Dunlop, A.C. and Cohen, D.R., 2007. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Esfordi apatite-magnetite deposit, Central Iran. Economic Geology, 102(6): 111–128. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.6.1111

Kesler, S.E., Reich, M. and Jean, M., 2007. Geochemistry of fluid inclusion brines from earths oldest Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) deposits. Chemical Geology, 237(3–4): 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.11.001

Küster, D. and Harms, U., 1998. Post-collisional potassic granitoids from the southern and northwestern parts of the Late Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: a review. Lithos, 45(1–4): 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00031-0

Majidi, S.A., Omrani, J., Troll, V.R., Weis, F.A., Houshmandzadeh, A., Ashouri, E. and Chung, S.L., 2021. Employing geochemistry and geochronology to unravel genesis and tectonic setting of iron oxide-apatite deposits of the Bafq-Saghand metallogenic belt, Central Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 110(1): 127–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01942-5‏

McCulloch, M.T. and Gamble, J.A., 1991. Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 102 (3–4): 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90029-H

Mohseni, S. and Aftabi, A., 2015. Structural, textural, geochemical and isotopic signatures of synglaciogenic Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIFs) at Bafq mining district (BMD), Central Iran. The possible Ediacaran missing link of BIFs in Tethyan metallogeny. Ore Geology Review, 71(7): 215–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.05.018

Mokhtari, M.A.A., Emami, M.H. and Hosseinzadeh, Gh., 2013. Genesis of iron-apatite ores in Posht-e-Badam Block (Central Iran) using REE geochemistry. Journal of Earth System Sciences, 122(3): 795–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-013-0313-z

Moore, F. and Modabberi, S., 2003. Origin of Choghart iron oxide deposit, Bafq District, Central Iran: new isotopic and geochemical evidence. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 14‌(3): 259–269. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=33257.

Nayebi, N.D., Esmaeily, D.M., Chew, Lehmann, B. and Modabberia, S., 2021. Geochronological and geochemical evidence for multi-stage apatite in the Bafq iron metallogenic belt (Central Iran), with implications for the Chadormalu iron-apatite deposit. Ore Geology Review, 132(1–4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104054

Pearce, J.A. and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251–285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343

Prokoph, A., Shields, G.A. and Veizer, J., 2008. Compilation and time-seriesanalysis of a marine carbonate δ18O, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr and δ34S database through earth history. Earth- Science Reviews, 87(3-4): 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.12.003

Rahimi, A., 2015. Geochemical and economic geological survey of rare elements in the Lake siysh iron-apatite deposition, Northeast Bafgh. M.Sc. Thesis, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 147 pp.

Ramezani, J. and Tucker, R.D., 2003. The Saghand region, central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis andimplications for Gondwana tectonics. American Journal of Science, 303(7): 622–665. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.7.622

Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A. and Fletcher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y Magmas Reflect Arc Maturity, High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au Potential: Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107(2): 295–332. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.2.295

Roedder, E., 1984. Inclusion sample selection, preparation, petrography and photography. In: P.H. Ribbi (Editor), Fluid Inclusions. Mineralogical Society America, Washington, D.C, pp. 149–180. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501508271-009

Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York, 359 pp.

Ronchi, P., Masetti, D., Tassan, S. and Camocino, D., 2012. Hydrothermal dolomitization in platform and basin carbonate successions during thrusting: a hydrocarbon reservoir analogue (Mesozoic of Venetian Southern Alps, Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 29(1): 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.09.004

Ruzicka, V., 1990. Vein uranium deposits. Ore Geology Review, 8(3–4): 247–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(93)90019-U

Schandl, E.S. and Gorton, M.P., 2002. Application of high field strength elements to discriminate tectonic settings in VMS environments. Economic Geology, 97(3): 629–642. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.3.629

Schandl, E.S. and Gorton, M.P., 2004. A textural and geochemical guide to the identification of hydrothermal monazite: Criteria for selection of samples for dating epigenetic hydrothermal ore deposits. Economic Geology, 99(5): 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.5.1027

Sha, L.K. and Chappell, B.W., 1999. Apatite chemical composition, determined by electron microprobe and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, as a probe into granite petrogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(22): 3861–3881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00210-0

Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blackie Press, London, 239 pp.

Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalt: implication for mantle composition and processes. In: A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry (Editors), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Journal of Geological Society, London, pp. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19

Taghipour, S., Kananian, A. and Khalili, M., 2013. Sodic- Calcic alteration in the host rocks of the Esfordi magnetite- apatite deposit. Iranian Journal of Petrology, 4(13): 67–80. (in Persian) Retrieved June 14, 2016 from https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=206317

Taylor, R.G., 1992. Ore textures: recognition and interpretation. Economic Geology Research Unit, Australia, 287 pp.

Tian, L., Castillo, P.R., Hawkins, J.W., Hilton, D.R., Hanan, B.H. and Pietruszka, A.J., 2008. Major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotope signatures of lavas from the centeral Lau Basin: Implications for the nature and influence of subduction components in the back-arc mantle. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178(4): 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.039

Torab, F.M., 2008. Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal, Germany, 131 pp.

Torab, F.M. and Lehmann, B., 2007. Magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq district. Central Iran: apatite geochemistry and monazite geochronology. Mineralogical magazine, 71(3): 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.3.347

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock- forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid inclusion in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55(1–4): 229–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5

Williams-Jones, A.E., Schrijver, K., Doig, R. and Sangster, D.F., 1992. A model for epigenetic Ba-Pb-Zn mineralization in the Appalachian Trust Belt Quebec: Evidence from fluid inclusions and isotopes. Economic Geology, 87(1): 154–174. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.154

Williams-Jones, A.E., 2015. The hydrothermal mobility of the rare earth elements. British Columbia Geological Survey, 3(03): 119–123. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.5.355

Wilson, B. M., 1989. Igneous petrogenesis a global tectonic approach. Springer Science and Business Media, London, 466 pp.

Witford, D.J., Korsch, M.J., Porritt, P.M. and Craven, S.J., 1988. Rare earth elemnt mobility around the volcanogenic polymetallic massive sulfide deposit at Que river, Tasmania, Australia. Chemical Geology, 68(1–2): 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90090-3

Wu, F., Jahn, B., Wildec, S.A., Lod, C.H., Yuie, T.F., Lina, Q., Gea, W. and Suna, D., 2003. Highly fractionated I-type granites in NE China II: isotopic geochemistry and implications for crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. Lithos, 67(3–4): 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00015-X

Yermacov, N.P. (translated by Sokoloff, V.P.), 1965. Research on the nature of mineral-forming solutions with special reference to data from fluid inclusions, Permagon Press, Oxford, 743 pp.

Yoshida, T., Okamura, S., Sakamoto, I., Ikeda, Y., Adachi, Y., Kojima, M., Sugawara, M. and Shitahaku, R., 2013. Petrology of felsic rocks dredged from the Myojin Seamount and the Myojin Rift in the north Izu-Bonin arc- Contribution of intra-oceanic subduction system to making continental middle crust. Meeting of International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, IAVCEI Scientific Assembly Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan.

Zahedi, A. and Hosseini, K., 2014. Petrology and geochemistry of radioactive rocks in the East and South East Choghart deposite-Yazd. National Conference on Applied Research in Economic and Engineering Geology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.

Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Harris, N., Jin, L. and Honglin, Y., 2006. U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical and isotopic compositions of granitoids in Songpan- Garze fold belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the basement. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 152(1): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0095-2

Zhao, F., 2005. Alkali-metasomatism and uranium mineralization. In: J. Mao and F.P. Bierlein (Editors), Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_91