Petrology and tectonic settings of the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit with emphasis on granodiorite and quartz eye porphyry

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sceince, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65174-33391, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sceince, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan ,65174-33391, Iran

3 Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, National Iranian Copper Industries Company, Rafsanjan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit (PCD) and other porphyry deposits occur in the the most important metallogenic belt in Iran, i.e. the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB). The main phase of intrusion generation in various episodes of mineralization in the Sarcheshmeh area is a stock of granodiorite to tonalite (Shahabpour and Kramers, 1987) that is called the Sarcheshmeh porphyry. This stock intruded volcano-sedimentary rocks and alteration has centered on it. The oldest rock units of the area are Eocene volcanic rocks (Waterman and Hamilton, 1975), which are mainly andesites accompanying marine sedimentary rocks that is consistent with a submarine volcano-sedimentary basin environment. Granodiorite and quartz eye porphyry crop out in the northern part of the Sarcheshmeh PCD. The main objective of this study is to investigate their petrology and geotectonic environment.
 
Materials and Methods
Forty samples from drill cores and surface samples from granodiorite and quartz eye porphyry were collected. Twelve samples were chosen with the lowest degree of alteration (less than 5% of representative samples and low LOI) from amongst them for lithogeochemical analyses by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Lithogeochemical analysis of the main elements was carried out using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) by lithiumborate fusion, and elemental analysis of trace and rare earth elements was performed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) using sodium peroxide fusion in the SGS Company, Toronto, Canada.
 
Results and Discussion
Based on the Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 values on Cox et al. (1979) and Middlemost (1985) diagram, also R1-R2 diagram of De la Roche et al. (1980), the samples were plotted in the field of granodiorite and quartz diorite. On Harker diagrams, the contents of FeOt, CaO, p < sub>2O5, Al2O3, MgO, and TiO2 versus SiO2 show a decreasing pattern. Decreasing amounts of MgO and TiO2 can be related to early crystallization of ferromagnesian minerals and of CaO, Al2O3, and p < sub>2O5 to plagioclase and apatite crystallization, respectively. The chemical relationship and continuous pattern of the samples indicate that they probably resulted from fractionation of a unique magma. On the basis of the AFM diagram, they have calc-alkaline affinities. These observations and the presence of magnetite and other opaque minerals indicate high ƒO2 crystallization throughout fractionation stages. The samples of the study area were plotted in the calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic fields on a Frost et al. (2001) diagram and indicate that they are mainly magnesia consistent with oxidized I-type magmas.
The spider-diagrams show negative anomalies in HFSE (especially Ti and Nb) and positive anomalies in LILE (especially in Ba and Rb). Negative anomalies of HFSE such as Ti, Nb, P and Ta can be related to the subduction of the Arabian plate under Central Iran and reflect the chemistry of the origin and crystallization-melting processes during evolution of the rocks. Moreover, it can be concluded that these elements remained in the source during partial melting, which is characteristics of I-type arc-related magmas. The behavior of LILE can be attributed to the behavior of fluid phases that were involved during the subduction. The REE diagrams show enrichment of LREE relative to HREE which can also be attributed to the subduction of the Arabian plate under Central Iran. Shafiei et al. (2009) and Asadi, 2018 proposed post-collision environment for the PCDs of the UDMB, especially in the Kerman part.
By studying on the Dehaj-Sarduieh belt, Dargahi et al. (2010) concluded that the time of collision of the Arabian plate and the Central Iran continental plate was Late Eocene, and the Sarcheshmeh porphyry stock emplaced in post-orogenic environment like other stock porphyries of the UDMB. The samples of the Sarcheshmeh PCD plot in the mature arc area based on Rb vs Y+Nb diagram and it can be envisaged that they are related to the post-collision magmatic arc.
 
References
Asadi, S., 2018. Triggers for the generation of post–collisional porphyry Cu systems in the Kerman magmatic copper belt, Iran: New constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Hf-O) data. Gondwana Research, 64(12): 97–121.
Dargahi, S., Arvin, M., Pan, Y. and Babaei, A., 2010. Petrogenesis of post-collisional A-type granitoids from the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage, southwestern Kerman, Iran: Constraints on the Arabian-Eurasian continental collision. Lithos, 115(1–4): 190–204.
Shafiei, B., Haschke, M. and Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 44(3): 265–283.
Shahabpour, J. and Kramers, J.D., 1987. Lead isotope data from the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Kerman, Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 22(4): 278–281.
Waterman, G.C. and Hamilton R., 1975. The Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology 70(3): 568–576.

Keywords

References

Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L. and Mouthereau, F., 2005. Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94(3): 401–419.
Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Whitechurch, H., Vrielynck, B., Spakman, W., Monie, P., Meyer, B. and Wortel, R., 2011. Zagros orogeny: a subduction-dominated process. Geological Magazine, 148(5–6): 692–725.
Aghazadeh, M., 2015. Petrogenesis and U-Pb age dating of intrusive bodies in the Sarcheshmeh deposit. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences, 25(97): 291–312. (in Persian with English abstract)
Aghazadeh, M., Hou, Z., Badrzadeh, Z. and Zhou, L., 2015. Temporal-spatial distribution and tectonic setting of porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 70: 385–406.
Ajaji, T., Weis, D., Giret, A. and Bouabdellah, M., 1998. Coeval potassic and sodic calc alkaline series in the post collisional Hercynian Tanncherfi intrusive complex, northeastern Morocco: geochemical, isotopic and geochronological evidence. Lithos, 550‌(45): 371–393.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229(3–4): 211–238.
Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American Journal of Science, 304(1): 1–20.
Alavi, M., 2007. Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. American Journal of Science, 307(9): 1064–1095.
Alirezaei, A., Arvin, M. and Dargahi, S., 2017. Adakite-like signature of porphyry granitoid stocks in the Meiduk and Parkam porphyry copper deposits, NE of Shahr-e-Babak, Kerman, Iran: constrains on geochemistry. Ore Geology Reviews, 88: 370–383.
Allen, M.B., 2009. Discussion on the Eocene bimodal Piranshahr massif of the Sanadaj-Sirjan Zone, West Iran: a marker of the end of collision in the Zagros orogen. Journal of the Geological Society, 166(5): 981–982.
Amidi, S.M., Emami, M.H. and Michel, R., 1984. Alkaline character of Eocene volcanism in the middle part of Central Iran and its geodynamic situation. Geologische Rundschau, 73(3): 917–932.
Asadi, S., Moore, F. and Zarasvandi, A., 2014. Discriminating productive and barren porphyry copper deposits in the southeastern part of the central Iranian volcano-plutonic belt, Kerman region, Iran: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 138: 25–46.
Asadi, S., 2018. Triggers for the generation of post–collisional porphyry Cu systems in the Kerman magmatic copper belt, Iran: New constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Hf-O) data. Gondwana Research, 64(12): 97–121.
Asran, M. and Ezzat, M., 2012. The Pan-African calc-alkaline granitoids and the associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) around Wadi Abu Zawal area, North Eastern desert, Egypt: Geology, Geochemistry and petrogenesis. Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences, 2(1): 1–16.
Atapour, H. and Aftabi, A., 2007. The geochemistry of gossans associated with Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran: implications for exploration and the environment. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 93(1): 47–66.
Atherton, M.P., Sanderson, M.L., Wander, V. and McCourt, W., 1985. The volcanic cover: chemical composition and the origin of the magmas of the calipuy group. In: W.S. Pitcher, M.P. Atherton, E.J. Cobbing and R. Beckinsale (Editors). Magmatism at a plate edge: The Peruvian Andes. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, pp. 273–284.
Ayers, J.C., 1998. Trace element modeling for aqueous fluid-peridotite inter action in the wedge of subduction zones. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 132(4): 390–404.
Ayers, J.C. and Watson, E.B., 1991. Solubility of apatite, monazite, zircon, and rutite in super critical fluids with implications for subduction zone geochemistry. Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering, 335(1638): 365–375.
Ballato, P., Mulch, A., Landgraf, A., Strecker, M.R., Dalconi, M.C., Friedrich, A. and Tabatabaei, S.H., 2010. Middle to late Miocene Middle Eastern climate from stable oxygen and carbon isotope data, southern Alborz mountains, N Iran. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 300 (1–2): 125–138.
Bazin, D. and Hübner, H., 1969. Copper deposits in Iran. Geological survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 13, 232 pp.
Berberian, F. and Berberian, M., 1981. Tectono-plutonic episodes in Iran. In: H.K. Gupta and F.M. Delany (Edithors), Zagros-Hindu Kush-Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp. 5–32.
Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2): 210–265.
Berberian, F., Muir, I.D., Pankhurst, R.J. and Berberian, M., 1982. Late Cretaceous and Early Miocene Andean-type plutonic activity in northern Makran and Central Iran. Journal of the Geological Society, 139(5): 605–614.
Boomeri, M., Biabangard, H. and Zeinadini, Z., 2019. Investigation of petrography, mineralogy and alteration of northern part of the Chahfiruzeh porphyry copper deposit, northwest of Shar-e-Babak, Kerman. Journal of Economic Geology, 11(1): 57–80. (in Persian with English abstract)
Boomeri, A., Nakashima, K. and Lentz, D.R., 2010. The Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Kerman, Iran: A mineralogical analysis of the igneous rocks and alteration zones including halogen element systematics related to Cu mineralization processes. Ore Geology Reviews, 38(4): 367–381.
Borg, L.E., Clynne, M.A. and Bullen, T.D., 1997. The variable role of slab-derived fluids in the generation of a suite of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the southernmost Cascade Range. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35(2): 425–452.
Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: P. Henderson (Editor), Rare earth element geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 63–114.
Brenan, J.M., Shaw, H.F., Reyerson, F.J. and Phinnery, D.L., 1995. Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace element at 900 c and 2 GPA: Constrains on the rare element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluid. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(16): 3331–3335.
Cai, K.D., Sun, M., Yuan, C., Zhao, G.C., Xiao, W.J., Long, X.P. and Wu, F.Y., 2011. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of peraluminous granites from the Chinese Altai, NW China. Lithos, 127(1–2): 261–281.
Chappell, B. and White, A., 2001. Two contrasting granite types. 25 years later. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48(4): 489–499.
Chen, Y.X., Song, S.G., Niu, Y.L. and Wei, C.J., 2014. Melting of continental crust during subduction initiation: a case study from the Chaidanuo peraluminous granite in the North Qilian suture zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 132(5): 311–336.
Collins, W.J. and Richards, S.W., 2008. Geodynamic significance of S-type granites in circum-Pacific orogens. Geology, 36(7): 559–562.
Condie, K.C., 1989. Geochemical changes in basalts and andesites across the Archean-Proterozoic boundry: identification and significances. Lithos, 23(1–2): 1–18.
Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The interpration of igneous rocks. George, Allen and Unwine, London, 450 pp.
Dargahi, S., Arvin, M., Pan, Y. and Babaei, A., 2010. Petrogenesis of post-collisional A-type granitoids from the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage, southwestern Kerman, Iran: Constraints on the Arabian-Eurasian continental collision. Lithos, 115(1–4): 190–204.
Defant, M.J. and Drummond, M.S., 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347(10): 662–665.
Defant, M.J. and Kepezhinskas, P., 2001. Evidence suggests slab melting in arc magmas. EOS Transavtions, American Geophysical Union, 82(6): 67–69.
Defant, M.J., Xu, J.F., Kepezhinskas, P., Wang, Q. and Xiao, L., 2002. Adakites: some variations on a theme. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 18(2): 129–142.
De La Roche, H., Leterrier, J., Grandclaude, P. and Marchal, M., 1980. A classification of volcanic and plutonic rocks using R1-R2 diagram and major element analyses - its relationships with current nomencl- ature. Chemical Geology, 29(1–4): 183–210.
Dimitrijevic, M.D., 1973. Geology of Kerman region. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 52, 334 pp.
Emami, M.H., 2000. Magmatism in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. Report 1, 608 pp.
Etminan, H., 1977. Le porphyry cuprifere de Sarcheshmeh Rol des phases fluide les mecanismes alteration et de mineralization. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 242 pp.
Etminan, H., 1978. Fluid inclusion studies of the porphyry copper ore bodies at Sar-Cheshmeh, Darreh Zar and Mieduk (Kerman region, southeastern Iran) and porphyry copper discoveries at Sar-Cheshmeh, Gozan, and Kighal, Azarbaijan region (northwestern Iran). 5th Symposium of Genesis the ore deposits, Snowbird, Utah, United States.
Farmer, G.L., 2003. Continental Basaltic Rocks. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3(6): 85 -121.
Farhoudi, G., 1978. A comparison of Zagros geology to island arcs. The Journal of Geology, 86(3): 323 -334.
Finger, F., Roberts, M.P., Haunschmid, B., Schermaier, A. and Steyrer, H.P., 1997. Variscan granitoids of central Europe: their typology, potential sources and tectonothermal relations. Mineralogy and Petrology, 61(2): 67–96.
Fitton, J.G., James, D., Kempton, P.D., Ormerod, D.S. and Leeman, W.P., 1988. The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of late Cenozoic basic magmas in the western United States. Journal of Petrology, Special_Volume (1): 331-349.
Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J. and Frost, C.D., 2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42(11): 2033–2048.
Ghorashizadeh, M., 1978. Development of hypogene and supergene alteration and copper mineralization patterns, Sarcheshmeh porphyrycopper deposit, Iran. M.Sc Thesis, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
Gill, J.B., 2012. Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin, 392 pp.
Gill, R., 2010. Igneous rocks and processes: A practical guide. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 438 pp.
Glenni, K.W., 2000. Cretaceous tectonic evolution of Arabia,s eastern plate margin, A tale to two Oceans. In: A.S. Alsharhan and R.W. Scott (Editors), Middle east models of Jurassic/Cretaceous carbonate systems. Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication, Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp. 9–20.
Green, T.H., 1995. Significance of Nb/Ta as an indicator of geochemical processes in the crust-mantle system. Chemical Geology, 120(3–4): 347–359.
Green, N.L., 2006. Influence of slab thermal structure on basalt source regions and melting conditions: REE and HFSE constraints from Garibaldi volcanic belt, northern Cascadia subduction system. Lithos, 87(1–2): 23–49.
Gust, D.A., Arculus, R.A. and Kersting, A.B., 1977. Aspects of magma sources and processes in the Honshu arc. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35(2): 374–365.
Hassanzadeh, J., 1993. Metallogenic and tectonomagmatic events in the SE sector of the Cenozoic active continental margin of central Iran (Shahre Babak area, Kerman Province): Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. United States, 204 pp.
Hawkesworth, C.J., Gallagher, K., Hergt, J.M. and Mcdermott, F., 1993. Mantle slab contributions in arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 21(1): 175–204.
Hezarkhani, A., 2006. Petrology of the intrusive rocks within the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(3): 326–340.
Hooper, R.J., Baron, R.D., Hatcher, J.R. and Agah, S., 1994. The development of the southern Tethyan margin in Iran after the break up of Gondwana, Implications of the Zagros hydrocarbon province. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences, 4(1): 72–85.
Hou, Z.Q., Gao, Y.F., Qu, X.M., Rui, Z.Y. and Mo, X.X., 2004. Origin of adakitic intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east–west extension in southern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220(1–2): 139–155.
Hou, Z.Q., Ma, H.W., Zaw, K., Zhang, Y.Q., Wang, M.J., Wang, Z., Pan, G.T. and Tang, R. L., 2003. The Himalayan Yulong porphyry copper belt: product of large-scale strike-slip faulting in eastern Tibet. Economic Geology, 98(1): 125–145.
Hou, Z., Zhong, D., Deng, W. and Zaw, K., 2005. A tectonic model for porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold deposits in the eastern Indo-Asian collision zone. In: T.M. Porter (Editor), Super porphyry copper and gold deposits-A global perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, pp. 423–440.
Hou, Z., Yang, Z., Qu, X., Meng, X., Li, Z., Beaudoin, G., Rui, Z., Gao, Y. and Zaw, K., 2009. The Miocene Gangdese porphyry copper belt generated during post-collisional extension in the Tibetan Orogen. Ore Geology Reviews, 36(1–3): 25–51.
Ionov, D.A. and Hofmann, A.W., 1995. Nb-Ta-rich mantle amphiboles and micas implications for subduction-related metasomatic trace element fractionations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 131(3–4): 341–356.
Irvin, T.N. and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Seciences, 8(5): 523–548.
Jamali, H., 2017. The behavior of rare-earth elements, zirconium and hafnium during magma evolution and their application in determining mineralized magmatic suites in subduction zones: Constraints from the Cenozoic belts of Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 81: 270–279.
Juteau, T.b. and Maury, R., 1997. Geology de la crouteoceanique, petrologie et dynamique endogenes. Masson, Paris, 469 pp.
Karsli, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, I., Aydin, F., Kandemir, R. and Wijbrans, J., 2010. Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Eastern Turkey: implications for crustal thickening to delamination. Lithos, 114(1–2): 109–120.
Kemp, A.I.S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Foster, G.L., Paterson, B.A., Woodhead, J.D., Hergt, J.M., Gray, C.M. and Whitehouse, M.J., 2007. Magmatic and crustal differentiation history of granitic rocks from Hf-O isotopes in zircon. Science, 315(5814): 980–983.
Keppler, H., 1996. Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction zone fluids. Nature, 380(6571): 237–240.
Kolb, M., Von Quadt, A., Peytcheva, I., Heinrich, C.A., Fowler, S.J. and Cvetkovie, V., 2013. Adakite-like and normal arc magmas: distinct fractionation paths in the east Serbian segment of the Balkan-Carpathian arc. Journal of Petrology, 54(3): 421–451.
Lafleche, M.R., Dupuy, C. and Dostal, J., 1991. Archaean orogenic ultrapotassic magmatism: an example from the Southern Abitibi greenstone belt. Precambrian Research, 52(1–2): 71–96.
Leuthold, J., Müntener, O., Baumgartner, L.P., Putlitz, B. and Chiaradia, M., 2013. A detailed geochemical study of a shallow arc-related laccolith, the Torres del Paine mafic complex (Patagonia). Journal of Petrology, 54(2): 273–303.
Ma, L., Jiang, S., Hou, M., Dai, B., Jiang, Y., Yang, T., Zhao, K., Wie, P., Zhu, Z. and Xu, B., 2014. Geochemistry of early Cretaceous calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Jiaodong Peninsula: Implication for lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 25(2): 859–872.
Maanijou, M., 1993. Alteration halos and their connection to mineralization of Darrehzar porphyry Cu deposit and its geochemical zoning, Pariz area, Kerman, Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, 254 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
Maanijou, M., 2007. Geochemistry, origin of ore fluids, and formation of Chehelkureh copper deposit (NW of Zahedan). Ph.D. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, 236 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
Maanijou, M. and Mostaghimi, M., 2013. The mass balance calculation of hydrothermal alteration in Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit. Journal of Economic Geology, 5(2): 175–199. (in Persian with English abstract)
Maanijou, M., Mostaghimi, M., Abdollahy Riseh, M. and Sepahi Gerow, A.A., 2012a. Systematic studies of sulfur stable isotopes and fluid inclusions of various veinlet groups in the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit: based on new data. Journal of Economic Geology, 4(2): 217–239. (in Persian with English abstract)
Maanijou, M., Rasa, I. and Lentz, D.R., 2012b. Petrology, geochemistry, and stable isotope studies of the Chehelkureh Cu-Zn-Pb deposit, Zahedan, Iran. Economic Geology, 107(4): 683–712.
Macdonald, R., Hawkesworth, C.J. and Heath, E., 2000. The Lesser Antilles volcanic chain: a study in arc magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews, 49(1–4): 1–76.
Machado, A.T., Chemale, Jr.F., Conceicao, R.V., Kawaskita, K., Morata, D., Oteıza, O. and Schmus, W.R.V., 2005. Modeling of subduction components in the Genesis of the Meso-Cenozoic igneous rocks from the South Shetland Arc, Antarctica. Lithos, 82(3–4): 435–453.
Mahmoudi Nia, H., Baghban, S. and Simmonds, V., 2017. Geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collisional adakitic intrusions and related dikes in the Khoynarood
area, NW Iran. Chemie der Erde, 77(1): 53–67.
Martin, H., 1999. Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos, 46(3):
411–429.
Martin, H., Smith, R.H., Rapp, R., Moyen, J.‌F. and Champion, D., 2005. An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and sanitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos, 79(1–2): 1–24.
McClay, K.R., Whitehouse, P.S., Dooley, T. and Richards, M., 2004. 3D evolution of fold and thrust belts formed by oblique convergence. Marine Geology, 21(7): 857–877.
McInnes, B.I.A., Evans, N.J., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.T. and Andrew, R.L., 2003. Timing of Mineralization and exhumation processes at the Sar Cheshmeh and Meiduk porphyry Cu deposits, Kerman belt, Iran. In: D.G. Eliopoulos (Editor), Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development (7th Biennial SGA Meeting, Athens, August 24-28): Rotterdam. Millpress, pp. 1197–1200.
McInnes, B.I.A., Evans, N.J., Fu, F.Q. and Garwin, S., 2005. Application of thermochronology to hydrothermal ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 467–498.
Middlemost, E.A.K., 1985. Magmas and magmatic rocks. Longman, London, 266 pp.
Mohajjel, M., Fergussen, C.L. and Sahandi, M.R., 2003. Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4): 397–412.
Mostaghimi, M., 2012. Stable isotope (S, O, and H) studies in Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit (Kerman). M.Sc. Thesis, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran, 177 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
Moyen, J.F., 2009. High Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios: The meaning of the adakitic signature. Lithos, 112(3–4): 556–574.
Nicholson, K.N., Black, P.M., Hoskin, P.W.O. and Smith, I.E.M., 2004. Silicic volcanism and back-arc extension related to migration of the Late Cainozoic Australian-Pacific plate boundary. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 131(3–4): 295–306.
Omrani, J., Agard, P., Whitechurch, H., Benoit, M., Prouteau, G. and Jolivet, L., 2008. Arc-magmatism and subduction history beneath the Zagros Mountains, Iran: A new report of adakites and geodynamic consequences. Lithos, 106(3–4): 380–398.
Omrani, J., Agard, P., Whitechurch, H., Benoit, M., Prouteau, G. and Jolivet, L., 2009. Reply to: Comment by Aftabi and Atapour on: Arc magmatism and subduction history beneath the Zagros Mountains, Iran: A new report of adakites and geodynamic consequences. Lithos, 113(3–4): 847–849.
Pearce, J.A., 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100(1–4): 14–48.
Pearce, J.A., Harris, B.W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element of discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4): 956–983.
Pearce, J.A. and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanicarc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251–285.
Peccerillo, A. and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58(1): 63–81.
Ramezani, T., Maanijou, M., Asadi, S., Lentz, D. and Pirouznia, N., 2018. Comparison of mineralization of the Sungun and Kighal porphyry copper deposits, NW Iran: with an emphasis on fluid inclusion studies. Journal of Economic Geology, 10(2): 403–424. (in Persian with English abstract)
Richards, J.P., 2009. Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: Products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere. Geology, 37(3): 247–250.
Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A. and Fletcher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y magmas reflect arc maturity, high magmatic water content, and porphyry Cu±Mo±Au potential: examples from the Tethyan arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107(2): 295–332.
Ricou, L.E., 1994. Tethys reconstructed: plates continental fragments and their boundaries since 260 Ma from Central America to southeastern Asia. Geodinamica Acta, 7(4): 169–218.
Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, England, Landon, 352 pp.
Rosu, E., Seghedi, I., Downes, H., Alderton, D.H.M., Szakacs, A., Pecskay, Panaiotu, C.E. and Nedelcu, L., 2004. Extension-related Miocene calc-alkaline magmatism in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania: Origin of magmas. Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology, 84(1): 153–172.
Rudnick, R.L. and Fountain, D.M., 1995. Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 33(2): 267–309.
Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. and Tarney, J. 1991. Fluid influence on the trace element composition of subduction zone magmas. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences, 335(1638): 377–392.
Sengor, A.M.C., Altiner, D., Cin, A., Ustaomer, T. and Hsu, K.J., 1988. The origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana land. Journal of the Geological Society, 37(1): 119–181.
Sepahi, A.A., 2012. Igneous petrology. Nour Elm PubliCations, Tehran, 308 pp.  (in Persian)
Shafiei, B., 2010. Lead isotope signatures of the igneous rocks and porphyry copper deposits from the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc (SE Iran), and their magmatic-metallogenetic implications. Ore Geology Reviews, 38(1–2): 27–36.
Shafiei, B., Haschke, M. and Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 44(3): 265–283.
Shahabpour, J., 1982. Aspects of alteration and mineralization at the Sarcheshmeh copper-molybdenum deposit. Kerman, Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Leeds University, Leeds, England, 342 pp.
Shahabpour, J., 1999. The role of deep structures in the distribution of some major ore deposits in Iran, NE of Zagros thrust zone. Journal of Geodynamics, 28(2–3): 237–250.
Shahabpour, J., 2005. Tectonic evolution of the orogenic belt in the region located between Kerman and Neyriz. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24(4): 405–417.
Shahabpour, J., 2007. Island-arc affinity of the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 30(5–6): 652–665.
Shahabpour, J. and Kramers, J.D., 1987. Lead isotope data from the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Kerman, Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 22(4): 278–281.
Shand, S. J., 1969. Eruptive Rocks: their genesis, composition, classification and their relation to ore deposits. Hafner, New York, 488 pp.
Shimoda, G., 2009. Genetic link between EMI and EMII: an adakite connection. Lithos, 112(3–4): 591–602.
Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry Copper Systems. Economic Geology, 105(1): 3–41.
Stalder, R., Foley, S.F., Brey, G.P. and Horn, L., 1998. Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900-1200 c and 3-5.7 Gpa: new experimental data for garnet, clinopyroxene, and rutile, and implications for mantle metasomatism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(10): 1781–1801.
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52(7): 1229–1258.
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Journal of the Geological Society, 42(1): 313–345.
Sylvester, P.J., 1998. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites. Lithos, 45(1–4): 29–44.
Verdel, C., Wernicke, B.P., Hassanzadeh, J. and Guest, B., 2011. A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran. Tectonics, 30‌(3): 1–20.
Vernon, R.H., 2004. A practical guide to rock microstructure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 594 pp.
Walker, R.T., 2006. A remote sensing study of active folding and faulting in southern Kerman province, S.E. Iran. Journal of Structural Geology, 28(4): 654–668.
Waterman, G.C. and Hamilton R., 1975. The Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology 70(3): 568–576.
Wilson, M., 2007. Igneouse petrogenesis: a global tectonic approach. Springer, Netherlands, 466 pp.   
Winter, J.D., 2001. Introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 697 pp.
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187.
Woodhead, J., Eggins, S., Gamble, J., 1993. High field strength and transition element systematics in island and back-arc basin basalts: evidence for multi-phase extraction and a depleted mantle wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114(4): 491–504.
Wu, F.Y., Jahn, B.M., Wilde, S.A., Lo, C.H., Yui, T.F., Lin, Q., Ge, W.C. and Sun, D.Y., 2003. Highly fractionated I-type granites in China (I): geochronology and petrogenesis. Lithos, 66(3–4): 241–273.
Yang, W. and Li, S., 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China craton. Lithos, 102(1–2): 88–117.
 Zahang, S., Mahoney, J.J., Ghazi, A.M., Milani, L., Crawford, A.J., Guo, T. and Zhao, Z.D. 2009. Evidence for a Widespread Tethyan upper mantle with Indian-Ocean-type isotopic chractristics. Journal of Petrology, 46(4): 829–858.
Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Harris, N., Jin, L. and Honglin, Y., 2006, U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical and isotopic compositions of granitoids in Songpan-Garze fold belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the basement. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 152(1): 75–88.
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 May 2019
  • Accept Date: 07 January 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics