بررسی منشأ پرتوزایی گامای طبیعی ناشی از 238U، 232Th و 40K در معدن فیروزه نیشابور و آثار زیست محیطی آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علیرضا مظلومی بجستانی ^{1، 2}
• اکرم فهیم ¹

¹ گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

² گروه پژوهشی اکتشاف ذخایر معدنی شرق ایران، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/econg.2021.69283.1010

چکیده

معدن فیروزه نیشابور در استان خراسان رضوی و 55 کیلومتری شمال‌غرب نیشابور قرار دارد. این معدن به عنوان کانسار بزرگ مس- طلای همراه با اکسیدهای آهن از نوع مس- طلا- اورانیوم-عناصر نادر خاکی معرفی‌شده­­ است. تشکیل فیروزه مربوط به زون سوپرژن معدن بوده و تا عمق حدود 80 متری مشاهده‌ شده ­است. واحدهای سنگی منطقه شامل سنگ ­های آتشفشانی و نفوذی حدواسط است که تحت دگرسانی قرار گرفته ­اند. ارزیابی‌های زمین‌شیمیایی، وجود عناصر پرتوزا را در منطقه نشان‌داده است. برای تعیین منشأ و مخاطرات زیست­ محیطی مربوطه، پرتوزایی گاما و آلفای حاصل از ²³⁸U ،²³²Th و  ⁴⁰K در 69 نقطه معدن و نواحی مجاور آن تعیین‌شد. بیشترین پرتوزایی گامای مرتبط با عناصر ²³⁸U ،²³²Th و  ⁴⁰K در انتهای تونل اصلی و منطبق بر واحد سنگی تراکیت است. بیشترین پرتوزایی گاما به ترتیب در تونل ­های معدن، منازل مسکونی، باطله ­های معدنی، تشکیلات زمین‌شناسی و منابع آبی اندازه ­گیری شد. بالاترین پرتوزایی گاما در منطقه مورد بررسی از پتاسیم  (⁴⁰K) نشأت‌گرفته است. سنگ ­های تراکیتی، بالاترین پرتوزایی طبیعی گامای کل را دارند و به عنوان منشأ اصلی پرتوزایی منطقه معرفی می­ شوند. بیماری‌های پنوموکونیوزیس و سیلیکوسیس در معدن‌کاران قدیمی گزارش‌شده ­است. در بین افراد بازنشسته سرطان­ های دستگاه گوارش و ریه فراوانی بیشتری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• فیروزه
• نیشابور
• مخاطرات زیست‌ محیطی
• پرتوزایی

20.1001.1.20087306.1400.13.4.2.2

---

مراجع

Abdi, M.R., Kamali, M. and Vaezifar, S., 2008. Distribution of radioactive pollution of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in northwestern coasts of Persian Gulf, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(4): 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.12.010

Akrami, M. and Askari, A., 2000. Geological map of Soltan abad, Scale 1/100000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

Alomari, A.H., Saleh, M.A., Hashim, S., Alsayaheen, A., Abdeldin I. and Abukashabeh, A., 2020. ²³⁸U and ²³²Th isotopes in groundwater of Jordan: Geological influence, water chemistry, and health impact. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 170: 108660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108660

Amini, B. and Kannazar, N., 2000. Geological map of Shamkan Scale 1/100000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

Awudu, A.R., Darko, E.O., Schandor, F.C., Hayford, E.K., Abekoe, M.K. and Ofori-Danson, P.K., 2010. Determination of Activity Concentration Levels of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in Drinking Water in a Gold Mine in Ghana. Health Physics, 99(2): 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e3181d580ae

Bauman, A., Spies, O. and Lensch, G., 1983. Strontium isotopic composition of post-ophiolithic tertiary volcanics between Kashmar, Sabzevar and Quchan NE Iran, In: Geodynamic project (geotraverse) in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran, report No. 51, pp. 267–276.     

Binesh, A. and Mowlavi, A., 2010. Radon Concentration Measurement in the Some Water and Air of Mine in Nyshabour Region at Iran. Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(1): 143–146. Retrieved may 08, 2021 from https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com/articles/radon-concentration-measurement-in-the-some-water-and-air-of-mine-in-nishabour-region-at-iran.pdf

Bunzl, K., Kretner, R., Szeles, M. and Winkler, R., 1994. Transect survey of ²³⁸U, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K in an agricultural soil near an exhaust ventilating shaft of a uranium mine. The Science of the Total Environment, 149(3): 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90181-3

Delacroix, D., Guerre, J.P., Leblanc, P. and Hickman, C., 2002. Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Data Handbook 2002. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 98(1): 1–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006705

Dragovic, S., Mihailovic, N. and Gajic, B., 2010. Quantification of transfer of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in mosses of a semi-natural ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101(2): 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.09.011

Esfandiyarpour, A., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A. and Haydariyan Shahri, M.R., 2011a. Mineralization and geochemical exploration (Stream sediment) on second tunnel prospect area at Nyshabour Turquoise mine. Second conference of Iranian Society of Economic Geology, Lorestan University, Khorram abad, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved may 08, 2021 from https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=201112

Esfandiyarpour, A., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A., Haydariyan Shahri, M.R., 2011b. Petrography, Altration and magnetic susceptibility of igneous units on Turquoise mine (Second tunnel prospect area) northwest of Nyshabour. Second conference of Iranian Society of Economic Geology, Lorestan University, Khorram abad, Iran, (in Persian with English abstract), Retrieved April 22, 2021 from https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=201111

Eslami, S., Rahimi, B. and Malekzadeh Shafaroodi, A., 2012. Linements mapping of Fyrouzeh mining area of Neyshabour using satellite imagry and their relation to mineralization. 4th conference of Iranian society of Economic Geology, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved April 22, 2021 from https://www.sid.ir/fa/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=60035

Fahim, A., 2015. Distribution of radioactive elements of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²²²Rn on Nyshabur Turquoise Mine and its environmental Impacts. M.Sc. Thesies, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 175 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Far, G., (translated by Valizadeh, M.V., Ghasemi, H., Naraghi, N. and Sadeghian, M.) 1986. Principles of Isotope geology. Shahrood University press, Shahrood, 836 pp. (in Persian)

Ghiasvand, A, Karimpour, M.H., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A. and Haidarian Shahri, M.R., 2019. Alteration, mineralization, geochemistry and fluid inclusion study of the Firouzeh mine, NW Neyshabour. Journal of Economic Geology, 10(2): 325–354. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V10I2.62579

Henriksen, T., 2013. Radiation and Health. Taylor & Francis, New York. 301 pp.

Ibrahim, N., 1999. Natural activities of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in building materials. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 43(3): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(98)00033-2

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2002. Protection of the Environment from Ionising Radiation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria. 432 pp. Retrieved April 22, 2021 from https://www.iaea.org/publications/6862/protection-of-the-environment-from-ionising-radiation

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2003, Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma ray Spectrometry Data. International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria. 173 pp. Retrieved April 22, 2021 from https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/te_1363_web.pdf

Karimpour, M.H. and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2013. Geochemistry of stream sediments, waters and Uranium and Thorium anomalies on Nyshabour turquoise mine and its environmental impacts in the lives of rural areas. Iranian Journal of Mineralogy and Crystallography, 21(1): 3–18. Retrieved April 22, 2021 from http://ijcm.ir/article-1-326-fa.pdf  (in Persian with English abstract)

Karimpour, M.H., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Esphandiarpour, A. and Mohammad Nejad H., 2012. Neyshabour turquoise mine: the first Iron Oxide Cu-Au-U-LREE (IOCG (mineralized system in Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 2(3): 193–216. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V3I2.11420

La Verde, G., Raulo, A., Avino, V.D., Roca, V. and Pugliese M., 2020. Radioactivity content in natural stones used as building materials in Puglia region analysed by high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy: Preliminary results. Construction and Building Materials 239: 117668.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117668  

Lottermoser, B.G., 2010. Mine Wastes, characterization, Treatment, Environmental Impacts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 304 pp.

Louw, I., 2020. Potential radiological impact of the phosphate industry in South Africa on the public and the environment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 217: 106214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106214 

Mafi, A. and Naserian, Z., 2007. Characteristics of Neyshabour Turquoise mine, unpublished report of Neyshabour Firoozeh Rural Cooperative, Neyshabour, Iran 16 pp.

Majdy, M.R., Rafii Manesh, A., Ehteshamfar, M., Fahoul, M.J. and Masoudi, S., 2009. An Investigation of Occupational lung diseases in Nyshabour Turquoise miners. Iran Occupational Health Journal, 6(2): 31–38. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved may 08, 2021 from http://ioh.iums.ac.ir/article-1-176-fa.pdf 

Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A. and Karimpour, M.H., 2010. Enhancing of alteration zones in northwestern Nyshabour by using Spectral Angle Mapper method in ASTER image processing. First conference of Iranian Society of Economic Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)  etrieved may 08, 2021 from https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1017232.pdf 

Mansouri Gandomani E., Rashidnejad-Omran N., Emamjomeh A., Vignola P., Hashemzadeh T., 2020. Electron microprobe study of turquoise-group solid solutions in the Neyshabour and Meydook mines. northeast and southern Iran. The Canadian Mineralogist, 58(1): 71–83. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900004

Mazloumi Bajestani, A.R. and Fahim, A., 2016, Investigation of Source of Radiation of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K on Neyshabur Turquoise Mine and its environmental impacts. 8th conference of Iranian society of Economic Geology, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)

Mekongtso Nguelem, E.J., Moyo Ndontchueng, M., Motapon, O., 2016. Determination of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U activity concentration and public dose assessment in soil samples from bauxite core deposits in Western Cameroon. SpringerPlus, 5: 1253. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2895-9

Mohammad Jafari, F., Kardani, H. and Bahmani, J., 2020. Concentration and Annual Effective Dose of Radon in the Neyshabur Turquoise Mine. Iran South Medicine Journal; 23(1): 48–55. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved may 08, 2021 from https://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/article-1-1242-en.pdf

Mohammad Nejad, H., Karimpour, M.H. and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2011a. Mineralization and geochemical exploration (Stream sediment) on Neyshabour Turquoise mine (Zak tunnel prospect area). Second conference of Iranian Society of Economic Geology, Lorestan University, Khorram abad, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved may 08, 2021 from  https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1022656.html 

Mohammad Nejad, H., Karimpour, M.H. and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2011b. Geology, Alteration and magnetic susceptibility of intrusive bodies of Neyshabour Turquoise mine (Zak tunnel prospect area). Second conference of Iranian Society of Economic Geology, Lorestan University, Khorram abad, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved may 08, 2021 from  https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1022657.html 

Mowlavi, A. and Binesh, A., 2012. Effective dose rate evaluation from radon in the air and water   samples of Neyshabur turquoise mine. Elixir Pollution 52: 11488–11489. Retrieved may 08, 2021 from  https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1352982356_52%20(2012)%2011488-11489.pdf

Nguelem, E.J.M., Ndontchueng, M.M., Motapon, O., Darko, E.O. and Simo, A., 2016. Determination of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²³⁵U in soil samples from bauxite core deposits in western Cameroon. Radioprotection, 51(3): 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2016029

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2014. Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining. Nuclear Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 139 pp. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264216044-en  

Papadopoulos, A., Christofides, G., Koroneos, A., Papastefanou, C. and Stoulos, S., 2014. Distribution of 238U, 232Th and 40K in plutonic rocks of Greece, Chemie der Erde, 74(4): 749–764, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMER.2014.04.009

Ray, L., Frost, B., Jagannadha, R., Wayde, N., Martens, W.N. and Weier, M., 2006. The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral turquoise—a Raman spectroscopic study. Journal of Molecular Structure, 788(1 –3): 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.12.003

Selinus, O., Alloway, B.J., Centeno, J.A., Finkelman, R.B., Fuge, R., Lindh, U. and Smedley, P., 2005. Essentials of Medical Geology. Elsevier Academic Press, USA, 812 pp.

Shabanian, E., Bellier, O., Siame, L., Arnaud, N., Abbassi, M.R., and Cocheme´, J.J., 2009. New tectonic configuration in NE Iran: Active strike-slip faulting between the Kopeh Dagh and Binalud mountains.Tectonics, 28(5): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002444

Spies, O., Lensch, G. and Mihem, A., 1983. Geochemistry of the postophiolitic Tertiary volcanism between Sabzevar and Quchan (NE Iran). In: Geodynamic project (geotraverse) in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran, report No. 51, PP. 246–247.

Wang, X., Feng, Q., Sun, R. and Liu, G., 2015. Radioactivity of Natural Nuclides (⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra) in Coals from Eastern Yunnan, China. Minerals, 5(4): 637–646. https://doi.org/10.3390/min5040513

Zytoon, M.A., Aburas, H.M. and Abdulsalam, M.I., 2014. Determination of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th and ²³⁸U activity concentrations in ambient PM_2.5 aerosols and the associated inhalation effective dose to the public in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 129: 48–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.01.003