ژئوشیمی، کانه‌ زایی و دگرسانی قلیایی- اکسیدآهن در کانسار آهن± آپاتیت لکه سیاه (شمال‌ شرق بافق)، ایالت فلززایی بافق- ساغند

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

بوعلی سینا

چکیده

کانسار آهن±آپاتیت لکه‌سیاه در ایالت فلززایی بافق- ساغند و پهنه ساختاری ایران مرکزی قرار دارد. کانسار لکه‌سیاه طی اواخر کامبرین پیشین در ارتباط با فعالیت‌های مجموعه کالدرایی لکه‌سیاه شکل‌گرفته است که مجموعه سنگ‌های پیروکلاستیک، آندزیت/ تراکی‌آندزیت و ریولیت سنگ میزبان ذخیره را تشکیل می‌دهند. بر اساس نسبت Th/Yb (بین 7/2 تا 17) و Ta/Yb (بین 33/0 تا 8/1)، ریولیت‌های میزبان کانی‌سازی جزو دسته‌های ماگمایی کالک‌آلکالن غنی از پتاسیم‌ تا شوشونیتی قرار می‌گیرند. طبق شواهد به‌نظر می‌رسد تبلور ماگمای ریولیتی پر آب موجب آزاد‌شدن حجم زیادی از عناصر فرار شده که به افزایش گران‌روی ماگمای باقی­ مانده منجر می­‌شود. در این شرایط، سیال احیایی با شوری و دمای بالا که حاوی لیگاندهای کلریدی حامل آهن و فسفر بوده، به سمت بالا و مناطق کم‌ فشار حرکت می­ کند. فوران­‌های انفجاری تشکیل­‌دهنده کالدرا، شکستگی و سیستم گسلی مناسبی برای ته‌نشست ماده معدنی و رخداد کانه­‌زایی فراهم‌کرده است. شواهدی مثل: 1- وجود هاله‌های دگرسانی قلیایی غنی از کلر (مانند سدیک و سدیک- کلسیک و پتاسیک- کلسیک) در اطراف کانسنگ آهن، 2- وجود سنگ‌های ماگمایی پتاسیم بالا مرتبط با یک سیستم کالدرایی فعال و 3- تهی‌شدگی عناصری نظیر Ti، V، Al و Mn در ترکیب شیمیایی مگنتیت­‌ها، گویای وجود منبع گوشته‌ای دگرنهادی در منطقه لکه‌سیاه بوده که اغلب طی تکوین و جای‌گیری با سنگ‌های پوسته‌ای اطراف نیز دچار آغشتگی شده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Acocella, V., Cifelli, F. and Funiciello, R., 2000. Analogue models of collapse calderas and resurgent domes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 104(1–4): 81–96.
Alavi, M., 1991. Tectonic map of the Middle East. Scale 1:5,000,000, Geological Survey of Iran.
Barnes, S.J. and Roeder, P.L., 2001. The range of spinel composition in terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42(12): 2279–2302.
Barton, M.D., 2014. Iron oxide (–Cu–Au–REE–P–Ag–U–Co) systems. Treatise on Geochemistry, 13(2): 515–536.
Beaudoin, G., Dupuis, C., Gosselin, P. and Jebrak, M., 2007. Mineral chemistry of iron oxides: application to mineral exploration. In: C.J. Andrew (Editor), Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Society for Geology Applied meeting. The Society for Geology Applied, Dublin, pp. 497–500.
Beccaluva, L., Bianchini, G., Mameli, P. and Natali, C., 2013. Miocene shoshonite volcanism in Sardinia: Implications for magma sources and geodynamic evolution of the central-western Mediterranean. Lithos, 180–181(3): 128–137.
Bell, A. and Simon, A.C., 2011. Evidence for the alteration of the Fe3+/ΣFe of silicate melt caused by the degassing of chlorine-bearing aqueous volatiles. Geology, 39(5): 499–502.
Borumandi, H., 1973. Petrograpische und Lagerst attenkundliche untersuchungen der Esfordi-formation zwischen Mishdovan und Kushk bei Yazd/Central Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aachen, Aachen, German, 174 pp.
Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: P. Henderson (Editor), Rare earth element geochemistry. The Journal of Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 63–114.
Chen, W.T., Zhou, M.F., Gao, J.F. and Hu, R., 2015. Geochemistry of magnetite from Proterozoic Fe-Cu deposits in the Kangdian metallogenic province, SW China. Mineralium Deposita, 50(2): 795–809
Cole, J.W., Milner, D.M. and Spinks, K.D., 2005. Calderas and caldera structures: a review. Earth Science Reviews, 69(1): 1–26.
Corriveau, L., Montreuil, J.F. and Potter, E.G., 2016. Alteration facies linkages among iron oxide copper-gold, iron oxide-apatite, and affiliated deposits in the Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories, Canada. Economic Geology, 111(8): 2045–2072.
Corriveau, L., Williams, P.J. and Mumin, A.H., 2010. Alteration vectors to IOCG mineralization from uncharted terranes to deposits. In: L. Corriveau and A.H. Mumin (Editors), Exploring for iron oxide copper-gold deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Canada, pp. 89–110.
Daliran, F., Stosch, H.G. and Williams, P., 2007. Multistage metasomatism and mineralization at hydrothermal Fe oxide-REE-apatite deposits and apatitites of the Bafq District, Central-East Iran. In: C.J. Andrew (Editor), Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Society for Geology Applied meeting, The Society for Geology Applied, Dublin, pp. 1501–1504.
Daliran, F., Stosch, H.G., Williams, P., Jamali, H. and Dorri, M.B., 2010. Early Cambrian iron oxide- apatite-REE (U) deposits of the Bafq District, east-central Iran. In: L. Corriveau and H. Mumin (Editors), Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–gold deposits: Canada and global analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Canada, pp. 147–160.
Dupuis, C. and Beaudoin, G., 2011. Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace element fingerprinting of mineral deposit types. Mineralium Deposita, 46(4): 319–335.
Elburg, M.A., Van Bergen, M.J., Hoogewerff, J., Foden, J., Vroon, P.Z., Zulkarnain, I. and Nasution, A., 2002. Geochemical trends across an arc continent collision zone: Magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes (Indonesia). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66(15): 2771–2789.
Fard, M., Rastad, E. and Ghaderi, M., 2006. Epithermal gold and base metal mineralization at Gandy deposit, north of central Iran and the role of rhyolitic intrusions. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 17(4): 327–335.
Förster, H., Knittel, U. and Sennewald, S., 1988. Resurgent cauldrons and their mineralization, central Iran. Economic Geology, 74(6): 1485–1510.
Förster, H.J. and Jafarzadeh, A., 1994. The Bafq mining district in Central Iran-a highly mineralized Infracambrian volcanic field. Economic Geology, 89(8): 1697–1721.
Galicki, M., Marshall, D., Staples, R., Thorkelson, D., Downie, C., Gallagher, C., Enkin, R. and Davis, W., 2012. Iron oxide±Cu±Au deposits in the Iron Range, Purcell Basin, southeastern British Columbia. Economic Geology, 107(6): 1293–1301.
Gao, Y., Yang, Z., Hou, Z., Wei, R., Meng, X. and Tian, S., 2010. Eocene potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism in south Tibet: New constraints on mantle source characteristics and geodynamic processes. Lithos, 117(3): 20–32.
Goff, F., Gardner, J.N., Hulen, J.B., Nielson, D.L., Charles, R., Wolde Gabriel, G., Vuataz, F.D., Musgrave, J.A., Shevenell, L. and Kennedy, B.M., 1992. The Valles caldera hydrothermal system, past and present, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Scientific Drilling, 3(1): 181–204.
Haghipour, A., 1974. Etude geologique de la region de Biabanak-Bafq (Iran Central); petrologie et tectonique du socle Precambrien et de sa couverture. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 403 pp.
Haghipour, A., 1977. Geological map of Posht-e-Badam, Scale 1:250,000. Geological Survey of Iran.
Halliday, A.N., Davidson, J.P., Hildreth, W. and Holden, P., 1991. Modelling the petrogenesis of high Rb/Sr silicic magmas. Chemical Geology, 92(1–3): 107–114.
Harris, N.B.W., Pearce, J.A. and Tindle, A.G., 1986. Geochemical characteristics of collision-zone magmatism. In: M.P. Coward and A.C. Ries (Editors), Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London, London, pp. 67–81.
Hastie, A.R., Kerr, A.C., Pearce, J.A. and Mitchell, S.F., 2007. Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements: Development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology, 48(12): 2341–2357.
Hitzman, M.W., Oreskes, N. and Einaudi, M.T., 1992. Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu–U–Au–REE) deposits. Precambrain Research, 58(1): 241–287.
Hu, H., Lentz, D., Li, J.W., McCarron, T., Zhao, X.F. and Hall, D., 2015. Reequilibration processes in magnetite from iron skarn deposits. Economic Geology, 110(1): 1-8.
Jami, M., Dunlop, A.C. and Cohen, D.R., 2007. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Esfordi apatite–magnetite deposit, Central Iran. Economic Geology, 102(6): 1111–1128.
Karami, M., Ebrahimi, M. and Kouhestani, H. 2016. Lulak Abad iron occurrence, Northwest of Zanjan: metamorphosed and deformed volcano-sedimentary type of mineralization in Central Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 8(1): 93-115. (in Persian with English abstract)
Kennedy, B., Wilcock, J. and Stix, J., 2012. Caldera resurgence during magma replenishment and rejuvenation at Valles and Lake City calderas. Bulletin of Volcanology, 74(8): 1833–1847.
Knipping, J.L., Bilenker, L.D., Simon, A.C., Reich, M., Barra, F., Deditius, A.P., Lundstrom, C., Bindeman, I. and Munizaga, R., 2015. Giant Kiruna-type deposits form by efficient flotation of magmatic magnetite suspensions. Economic Geology, 43(7): 591–594.
Larson, P.B. and Taylor, H.P., 1986. An oxygen isotope study of hydrothermal alteration in the Lake City caldera, San Juan Mountains Colorado. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 30(1–2): 47–82.
Lipman, P.W., 1992. Ash-flow calderas as structural controls of ore deposits-recent work and future problems. United State Geological Survey Bulletin, 104(2): 32–39.
Luo, G., Zhang, Z., Du, Y., Pang, Z., Zhang, Y. and Jiang, Y., 2015. Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids in the Hemushan magnetite–apatite deposit, Anhui Province, Eastern China, and their metallogenic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 113(3): 1100–1116.
Mahmoudi, Sh., Mahmoudi, A. and Mehrabi, B., 2017. Microstructure and geochemical evidences for genesis of the Gol-Gohar iron deposit. Journal of Economic Geology, 9(2): 463–481. (in Persian with English abstract)
Maniar, P.D. and Piccoli, P.M., 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101(5): 635–643.
Montreuil, J.F., Potter, E.G., Corriveau, L. and Davis, W.J., 2016a. Element mobility patterns in magnetite-group IOCG systems: The Fab IOCG system, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews, 72(1): 562-584.
Montreuil, J.F., Corriveau, L., Potter, E.G. and De Toni, A.F., 2016b. On the relationship between alteration facies and metal endowment of iron oxide-alkali–altered systems, southern Great Bear magmatic zone (Canada). Economic Geology, 111(8): 2139–2168.
Müller, D. and Groves, D.I., 2016. Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold–Copper Mineralization. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 238 pp.
Nabatian, G., Rastad, E., Neubauer, F., Honarmand, M. and Ghaderi, M., 2015. Iron and Fe-Mn mineralization in Iran: implications for Tethyan metallogeny. Australian Journal of Earth Siences, 62(2): 211–241.
Nadoll, P., Angerer, T., Mauk, J.L., French, D. and Walshe, J., 2014. The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: a review. Ore Geology Reviews, 61(1): 1–32.
Nicholas, H.S., Oliver, J.S., Cleverley, G.M., Peter, J., Pollard, B. and Rubenach, M.J., 2004. Modeling the role of sodic alteration in the genesis of Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold deposits, Eastern Mount Isa Block, Australia. Economic Geology, 99(6): 1145–1146.
NISCO, 1980. Result of search and valuation works at magnetic anomalies of the Bafq iron ore region during 1976-1979. National Iranian Steel Corporation, Iran, Unpublished Report, 260 pp.
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: C.J. Hawkesworth and M.J. Norry (Editors), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. The Royal Society, London, pp. 230–249.
Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4): 956–983.
Pirajno, F., 2009. Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1273 pp.
Rahimi, E., Maghsoudi, A. and Hezarkhani, A., 2016. Geochemical investigation and statistical analysis on rare earth elements in Lakehsiyah deposit, Bafq district. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 124(1): 139–150.
Rajabi, A., Canet, C., Rastad, E. and Alfonso, P., 2015. Basin evolution and stratigraphic correlation of sedimentary-exhalative Zn-Pb deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 64(1): 328–353.
Rajabi, A., Rastad, E., Alfonso, P. and Canet, C., 2012. Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes of the Koushk vent-proximal sedimentary-exhalative deposit, Posht-e-Badam block, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 54(14): 1635–1648.
Ramezani, J. and Tucker, R.D., 2003. The Saghand region, Central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics. American Journal of Science, 303(3): 622–665.
Rollinson, H.R. (translated by Moore, F. and Modaberi, S.), 2005. Using geochemical data. Iran University Press, Tehran, 422 pp.
Rostami, M., 2016. Origin and distribution of rare earth element (REE) from the apatite of the Lake Siah Fe deposit, Bafq metallogenic district, Central Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, 177 pp.
Sabzehee, M., Hamdi, B. and Ameri, H., 2015. Geological report of the Aliabad map (1:25000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 7153, 138 pp.
Samani, B., 1988. Metallogeny of the Precambrian in Iran. Precambrian Research, 39(1): 85–106.
Simon, A.C., Pettke, T., Candela, P.A., Piccoli, P.M. and Heinrich, A.H., 2004. Magnetite solubility and iron transport in magmatic-hydrothermal environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(23): 4905–4914.
Soheili, M. and Mahdavi, M.A., 1991. Esfordi geological map. Scale 1:100,000, Geological Survey of Iran.
Stöcklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: C.A. Burk and C.L. Drake (Editors), The geology of continental margins. Springer, New York, pp. 873–887.
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norrey (Editors), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, London, pp. 313–345.
Torab, F.M., 2008. Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq mining district, central Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Clausthal, Clausthal, Germany, 131 pp.
Torab, F.M. and Lehmann, B., 2007. Magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran: apatite geochemistry and monazite geochronology. Mineralogical Magazine, 71(3): 347–363.
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.V., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185−187
Williams, P.J., 1994. Iron mobility during synmetamorphic alteration in the Selwyn Range area, NW Queensland: implications for the origin of ironstone-hosted Au–Cu deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 29(3): 250–260.
Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20(3): 325–343.
Wolff, J.A. and Ramos, F.C., 2014. Processes in Caldera-Forming High-Silica Rhyolite Magma: Rb/Sr and Pb Isotope Systematics of the Otowi Member of the Bandelier Tuff, Valles Caldera, New Mexico. Journal of Petrology, 55(2): 345–375.
Yardley, B.W.D., 2005. Metal concentrations in crustal fluids and their relationship to ore formation. Economic Geology, 100(4): 613–632.
CAPTCHA Image