Magmatic controls, oxidation state, and geochemical-metallogenic evolutions in development of the Bashmagh Cu deposit (SE Hashtroud), Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Farzaneh Molayi ¹

Ebrahim Tale Fazel ²

Tohid Yousefi ³

¹ Ph.D. Student, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

² Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

³ Ph.D. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

10.22067/econg.2025.1144

Abstract

The Bashmagh Cu deposit (proven reserves of 2.1 Mt @ 0.61% Cu) is located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc of NW Iran. Mineralization is structurally controlled by NW-SE faults and it occurs as disseminations, quartz-carbonate-chalcopyrite veins and/or hydrothermal breccias hosted by Oligocene granite intrusions (dated at about 28.4±0.86 Ma) and, more rarely, andesite porphyry dykes. Our study is based on whole-rock geochemistry in order to reveal the magmatic controls and the metallogenic evolution of Bashmagh. The studied igneous units are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.8‒1.2) belonging to the calc-alkaline series and show evidence for magnetite series I-type granites (Fe3+/ΣFe ratios between 0.41 and 0.47), formed in a continental arc-setting. The whole-rock REE pattern reveals strong REE enrichments, high LREE/HREE ratios (10 to 20) and elevated Eu/Eu* ratios (0.55 to 1.71) as well as high LaN/YbN ratios (7.5 to 24.1). Additionally, the Bashmagh granites have logfO2 values between -13.29 and -16.55 and zircon homogenization temperatures (TZr) ranging between 660 and 760 °C, respectively. Overall, considering the non-adakitic nature (Sr/Y<40), low SO2/H2S ratio (less than 1) and a shallow fractionation depth (based on the plagioclase-pyroxene stability field) of the magma. The source of metals in the parental granitic magmas of the Bashmagh deposit is interpreted to be derived from crustal material of the continental margin. This might explain the relatively low-tonnage Cu mineralization at Bashmagh.
 
Introduction
The metal separation process between silicate melts and hydrothermal fluids is critical for the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits. The NW-trending Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, with a length of about 2000 km, hosts numerous magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems. According to many researchers (e.g., Alavi, 1994), the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust along the Central Iranian plate has caused the formation of this arc-related magmatic belt. During collision, a variety of Cu-Au mineral systems such as porphyry-epithermal, skarn, manto, and iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) systems have formed associated with I-type granitoids of the magnetite series. The Bashmagh Cu deposit (47°06′16″ and 47°07′38″E and 37°33′37″ and 32°36′37″N) is located in the East Azerbaijan Province, NE Hashtroud. This area is well endowed with copper and gold mineralization, especially in the Mianeh-Hashtroud district, including the Khatun-Abad and Siah-Kamar Cu-Mo porphyry deposits (Rabiee et al., 2020). In our study, we investigate the magmatic controls and fertility indices of granitoids and documenting the magma fractionation and physicochemical conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity parameters) of their petrogenesis based on whole-rock trace element ratios such as Sr/Y and La_N/Yb_N. The results of our study have important implications for ongoing brownfields exploration in the region, especially in the Mianeh-Hashtroud district.
 
Material and methods
Field studies and representative geochemical sampling were carried out on the different rock units. In total, 60 rock chip samples were collected, and after petrographic studies by ZEISS reflectance-transmission polarizing microscope, 16 fresh samples, or very weakly altered, drill hole samples were selected for analysis. Chemical analyses were carried out on 11 samples of granite and 5 samples of andesite porphyry dykes. The samples were ground to a size of 200 mesh (about 75 microns). The powder samples were melted in an induction furnace after mixing with lithium metaborate and lithium tetraborate. The resulting material was digested in a 5% nitric acid solution and analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to detect major oxide elements (wt.%) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assay trace and rare earth elements (µg/g) at the School of Earth Science and Engineering of the Sun Yat-sen University (Guangdong, China). The volatile content (LOI) was measured as the weight loss of the samples after heating one gram of sample in a furnace at a constant temperature of 1300 °C for 90 minutes.
 
Results and discussion
The study area is documented on the Qarechaman 1:100,000 scale geological map (Asadian et al., 1993). The oldest rock units of the area belong to the Eocene and consist of latite lavas with interlayers of tuff. During the same time, andesite lava units, alternating crystal tuffs and porphyritic basaltic andesite and andesite lavas were deposited, which are partly concealed by pyroclastic sequences, felsic tuffs and andesitic lavas. Volcanic dacite, rhyodacite and rhyolite domes with felsic or alkaline compositions cover all Eocene units and form most of the undulating landscape of the area. The age of volcanic domes based on U-Pb dating of zircon in the area of the Siah Kamar porphyry molybdenum deposit, has been dated as Oligocene and ranging between 26.19 and 28.18 Ma. Copper mineralization at Bashmagh is hosted by alkali granite.
The monzogranites are mainly composed of orthoclase, quartz, and plagioclase. Accessory phases include zircon, titanite, apatite, and biotite. Porphyritic, hyalocrystalline, hypidiomorphic, and microcrystalline textures are the most dominant microscopic textures observed in the Bashmagh granite. Phenocrysts mainly include plagioclase, which is accompanied by alkali feldspar, quartz, biotite, and altered amphiboles that are set in a fine-grained groundmass. Minor minerals include altered clinopyroxenes, epidote, and calcite, respectively. Porphyritic to vitrophyric textures with a hypohyaline to holohyaline groundmass are the most dominant microscopic textures of the andesite dykes. The Mg# values of the Bashmagh granite range from 16.65 to 39.39 mol%. By contrast, the Mg# of the andesite porphyry dykes ranging between 43.40 and 55.76 mol%. The crystallization temperatures of the Bashmagh granite range between 660 and 763 °C whereas those of the andesite porphyry dikes ranging from 690 to 735 °C. Accordingly, the Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratio of the granites averages 0.42 whereas those of the andesite dykes average about 0.46. Our data reveal strong magma enrichments of LREE relative to HREE (LREE/HREE = 10–20) as well as elevated Eu/Eu* ratios (0.55 to 1.71) and high La_N/Yb_N ratios (7.5 to 24.1). Our data reveal moderate Sr/Y ratios of the rocks of < 40. The oxidation state of the Bashmagh granites falls into the SSO buffering field (S-SO) with a SO₂/H₂S ratio of <1, suggesting that degassing of SO₃ was the most important factor in sulfate reduction and thus increasing the S content of the magma and facilitating Cu-Au sulfide mineralization.
 
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted with financial support of the Deputy of Research and Technology of Bu-Ali Sina 

Keywords

Whole-rock geochemistry

Cu mineralization

I-type granitoids

non-adakitic magma

Bashmagh deposit

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