ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
زمین شناسی، کانی زائی و ژئو شیمی طلا در ناحیه گدار سرخ، منطقه معدنی موته، پهنه سنندج- سیرجان
محدوده گدارسرخ، در پهنه سنندج-سیرجان، 20 کیلومتری جنوبغربی منطقه معدنی موته واقعشده است. قدیمی ترین رخنمون واحدهای سنگی، کمپلکس شیست سبز با درجه دگرگونی متوسط تا پایین است که سن آن به پالئوزوئیک نسبتداده شده است و شامل مجموعه ای از سنگهای آتشفشانی-رسوبی دگرگونشده، واحدکربناته پرمین که به صورت تدریجی یا ناپیوستگی همشیب و گاه گسله بر روی واحدهای قدیمیتر قرارگرفته است و در نهایت رخنمون واحدهای شیل و ماسه ژوراسیک است. دایک های بازیک و فلسیک درون واحدهای سنگی نفودکرده اند. توالیهای سنگی در مراحل مختلف دگرشکلی، نظم اولیه خود را از دستداده است و ساختارهای جدیدی را نشان میدهند. دگرشکلی به صورت پهنههای برشی شکلپذیر- شکنا تا شکنا در محدوده مشاهده میشود. کانی سازی در شکستگی ها و گسل ها رخداده و به صورت ساختاری کنترلشده است. بیشترین تمرکز طلا همراه با کانیهای اکسید-هیدرواکسید آهن در امتداد گسلهایی با روند W45N رخداده است. کانی شناسی ساده و بهطور عمده شامل پیریت و به صورت محلی کالکوپیریت، کالکوسیت، کوولیت، گالن، اسفالریت و کانیهای ثانویه آهن است. دگرسانیهای موجود سریسیتی، کربناتی، کلریتی، سولفیدی، سیلیسی و آرژیلیکی است. بالاترین مقدار طلا در نمونههای برداشتشده، به روش لیتوژئوشیمیایی9/9 ppm و میانگین طلا 3/0 ppm است. بر اساس بررسیهای میکروسکوپی، طلا به صورت آزاد همراه کانی های ثانویه آهن مشاهده میشود و همچنین نتایج تجزیه مایکروپروپ الکترونی نشاندهنده حضور طلا در شبکه کانیهای سولفیدی است. بر اساس بررسیهای انجامشده، عوامل کنترل کننده کانیزایی در پهنههای شکلپذیر-شکنا، ویژگیهای زمین شناسی و کانی زایی محدوده گدارسرخ، بیشترین شباهت را با کانسارهای نوع کوهزایی دارد.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40607_40450bb546af3685aa56e99b582adf22.pdf
2021-08-23
245
265
10.22067/econg.v13i2.85427
کانه زایی طلا
ژئوشیمی
پهنه شکل پذیر-شکنا
گدارسرخ
موته
سنندج-سیرجان
منیره
سخدری
m_sakhdari@sbu.ac.ir
1
گروه زمینشناسی معدنی و آب، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
مهرداد
بهزادی
m_behzadi@sbu.ac.ir
2
گروه زمینشناسی معدنی و آب، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
محمد
یزدی
m-yazdi@sbu.ac.ir
3
گروه زمینشناسی معدنی و آب، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
نعمت الله
رشید نژاد عمران
rashid@modares.ac.ir
4
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
مرتضی
صادقی نایینی
morsadegi@yahoo.com
5
شرکت تهیه و تولید مواد معدنی ایران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Abdollahi, M.J., Karimpour, M.H., Kheradmand, A. and Zarasvandi, A.R., 2009. Stable isotopes (O, H, and S) in the Muteh gold deposit, Golpaygan area, Iran. Natural Resources Research, 18(2): 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9103-3
1
Adams, S.S., 1985. Using Geological Information to Develop Exploration Strategies for Epithermal Deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology, 2(1): 273–298. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.02.12
2
Aliyari, F., Rastad, E. and Mohajjel, M., 2012. Gold Deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone: Orogenic Gold Deposits or Intrusion‐Related Gold Systems. Resource Geology, 62(3): 296–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2012.00196.x
3
Asgharzadeh, A.H., Mehrabi, B. and Tale Fazel., E. 2017. Mineralogy, occurrence of mineralization and temperature-pressure conditions of the Agh-Daragh polymetallic deposit in the Ahar-Arasbaran metallogenic area. Journal of Economic Geology, 9(1): 1–23. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V9I1.44244
4
Ashrafpure, A., 2008. Geochemical Characteristics, Mineralogy and Alteration of Argash Gold area. Ph.D. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 278 pp. (in Persian)
5
Bierlein, F.P. and Crowe, D., 2000. Phanerozoic orogenic lode gold deposits. In: S.G. Hagemann and P.E. Brown (Editors), Reviews in Economic Geology (Gold in 2000). Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp.103–139. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.13.03
6
Bierlein, F.P., Hughes, M., Dunphy, J., McKnight, S., Reynolds, P. and Waldron, H., 2001. Tectonic and economic implications of trace element, 40Ar/39Ar and Sm–Nd data from mafic dykes associated with orogenic gold mineralisation in central Victoria, Australia. Lithos, 58(1–2): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00050-0
7
Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I. and Gardoll, S., 2001. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 18(1–2): 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00016-6
8
Goldfarb, R., Baker, T., Dubé, B., Groves, D.I., Hart, C.J. and Gosselin, P., 2005. Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. 100th Anniversary volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, Colorado, USA, pp. 407–450. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.14
9
Goldfarb, R.J. and Groves, D.I. 2015. Orogenic gold: Common or evolving fluid and metal sources through time. Lithos, 233: 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.07.011
10
Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews. 13(1–5): 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00012-7
11
Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Robert, F. and Hart, C.J.R., 2003. Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research and exploration significance. Economic Geology, 98(1): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1
12
Groves, D.I. and Santosh, M., 2016. The giant Jiaodong gold province: the key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits? Geoscience Frontiers, 7(3): 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015. 08.002
13
Iran Minerals Production Company, 2016. Golpayegan area Exploration Report. Iran Minerals Production Company (IMPASCO), Tehran, 80 pp.
14
Kouhestani, H., Rastad, E., Rashidnejad-Omran, N. and Mohajjel, M., 2006. Gold Mineralization in Chah-Bagh Ductile-Brittle Shear Zones, Muteh Mining District, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. Scientific Quarterly Journal, GEOSCIENCES, 60(15): 142–165. (in Persian) http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2009.57851
15
Kouhestani, H., Rashidnejad-Omran, N., Rastad, E., Mohajjel, M., Goldfarb, R.J. and Ghaderi, M., 2014. Orogenic gold mineralization at the Chah Bagh deposit, Muteh gold district, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 91: 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.04.027
16
Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C.L. and Sahandi, M.R., 2003. Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4): 397–412. . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4
17
Moritz, R., Ghazban, F. and Singer, B.S., 2006. Eocene gold ore formation at Muteh, Sanandaj-Sirjan tectonic zone, Western Iran: A result of late-stage extension and exhumation of metamorphic basement rocks within the Zagros Orogen. Economic Geology. 101(8): 1497–1524. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.8.1497
18
Mousazade, R., 2016. Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Formation of iron-gold index Varzaneh, southwest of Mouteh. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 215 pp. (in Persian)
19
Nourian-Ramsheh, Z., 2015. Mineralogy, Geochemistry and genesis of Senjedeh ore Deposit in Muteh Area. Ph.D. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 220 pp. (in Persian)
20
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: C.J. Hawkesworth and M.J. Norry (Editors), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva, Nantwich, pp. 230–249. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from http://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/8626
21
Pearce, J.A., Haris, N.B.W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4): 956–983. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
22
Peccerillo, A. and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58(1): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745
23
Ramsay, W.R.H., Bierlein, F.P., Arne, D.C. and Van den Berg, A.H.M., 1998, Turbidite-hosted gold deposits of central Victoria, Australia: their regional setting, mineralizing style, and some genetic constraints. Ore Geology Reviews 13(1–5): 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00016-4
24
Rashidnejad-Omran N., 2001. Petrology and geochemistry of metavolcanosedimentary and plutonic rocks of Muteh region (South Delidjan) with special view to genesis of gold mineralization, Ph.D. Thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 436 pp. (in Persian)
25
Rashidnejad-Omran, N., Emami, M.H., Sabzehei, M., Pique, A., Rastad, F., Behhon, H. and Juteau, t., 2001. Metamorphice and Magmatic event of the Muteh Gold Mine (Northeast Golpayegan). Scientific Quarterly Journal, GEOSCIENCES, 11(43–44):88–99. (in Persian) Retrieved November 22, 2018 from https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=30925
26
Roohbakhsh, P., Karimpour, M.H. and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2018. Geology, mineralization, geochemistry and petrology of intrusive rocks in the Au-Cu deposit of Koh Zar, Damghan. Journal of Economic Geology, 10(1): 1–23. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V10I1.64316
27
Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Science and Technical, Routledge, 352 pp. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.058.392.25
28
Robert, F., Boullier, A.M. and Firdaous, K., 1995. Gold‐quartz veins in metamorphic terranes and their bearing on the role of fluids in faulting. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B7): 12861–12879. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00190
29
Ryan, R.J. and Smith, P.K. 1998. A review of the mesothermal gold deposits of the Meguma Group, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews, 13(1–5): 153–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00017-6
30
Sabzehi, M., 1996. An Introduction to the General Geological Characteristics of the Sanandaj -Sirjan Zone Metamorphic Complexes. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 217 pp.
31
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42(1): 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
32
Thiele, O., Alavi, M., Assefi, R., Hushmandzadeh, A., Seyed-Emami, K. and Zahedi, M., 1968, Golpaygan quadrangle map. Scale 1:250000 with explanatory text. Geological Survey of Iran.
33
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371
34
Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis: A Global Tectonic Approach. Chapman and Hall, London, 446 pp. Retrieved August 3, 2018 from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780412533105
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ارزیابی زیست محیطی آلودگی عناصر بالقوه سمی در رسوبات آبراهه ای منطقه سعدآباد، جنوب کاشان
منطقه سعدآباد در 30 کیلومتری جنوب کاشان و در استان اصفهان قرارگرفته است. این منطقه بخشی از پهنه فلززایی ارومیه دختر را تشکیل می دهد. مهم ترین واحدهای سنگشناختی منطقه شامل سنگ های آتشفشانی ائوسن و توده های نفوذی الیگومیوسن هستند. واحدهای آتشفشانی منطقه بهشدت دگرسانشده و دگرسانی های پروپیلیتیک و آرژیلیک از انواع اصلی دگرسانی در منطقه محسوب می شوند. بررسیهای آماری بر روی داده های ژئوشیمیایی نمونه های رسوب برای 8 عنصر As، Cd، Fe، Co، Cu، Pb، Zn و S صورتگرفت که شامل پردازش و نرمالکردن یافته ها، بررسیی تغیرهای تک متغیره و چند متغیره و رسم و تفسیر نقشه بیهنجاری عناصر است. بر اساس نتایج بهدست آمده، میانگین عامل آلودگی عناصر Fe و Co به ترتیب 05/1 و 27/0، عناصر Cu، Pb و Zn به ترتیب دارای عامل آلودگی 81/0، 33/1 و 99/0 و برای عناصر As و Cd 22/1 و 40/1 است. نتایج بهدست آمده از عامل غنی شدگی بر روی نمونه های رسوب نشان می دهد که عناصر (74/10) As و (61/0) Co به ترتیب دارای بیشترین و کمترین میزان غنی شدگی هستند. بنابراین نتایج حاصل از عامل غنی شدگی نشاندهنده آن است که علاوهبر عوامل طبیعی (واحدهای سنگی، کانهزایی و دگرسانی)، عوامل انسانی (معدنکاری) نیز در تمرکز برخی از عناصر در نمونه های رسوب نقش داشته اند.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40572_06c3e2ec2a109c2c4bae2e2bb961c672.pdf
2021-08-23
267
293
10.22067/econg.v13i2.82109
دگرسانی عامل آلودگی
عامل غنی شدگی
عناصر بالقوه سمی
کاشان
رضوان
مهوری
r.mehvary@gmail.com
1
باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
سیدحسن
طباطبایی
2
دانشکده مهندسی معدن، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
AUTHOR
Ahmad, M.K., Islam, S., Rahman, S., Haque, M.R. and Islam, M.M., 2010. Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(2): 321–332. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2010.24
1
Ahmed, T.A. and Al-Hajri, H.H., 2009. Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sea Water Irrigation on Soil and Plant Characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3(4): 503–510. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2010.65
2
Anazawa, K. and Ohmori, H., 2005. The hydrochemistry of surface waters in andesite volcanic area, Norikura volcano, central Japan. Chemosphere, 59(5): 605–615. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.018
3
Baveye, P., McBride, M.B., Bouldin, D., Hinesly, T.D., Dahdoh, M.S.A. and Abdel-sabour, M.F., 1999. Mass balance and distribution of sludge-borne trace elements in a silt loam soil following long-term applications of sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment, 227(1): 13–28. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00396-9
4
Biati, A., Moattar, F., Karbassi, A.R. and Hassani, A.H., 2010. Role of Saline Water in Removal of Heavy Elements from Industrial Wastewaters. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(1): 177–182. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2010.168
5
Chen, C.W., Kao, C.M., Chen, C.F. and Dong, C.D., 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere, 66(8): 1431–1440. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.030
6
Davoodifard, M., Forghani Tehrani, G. Ghorbani, H. and Ghasemi, H., 2019. Distribution of potentially toxic elements in the tailing, mine and agricultural soils around the Irankuh Pb-Zn Mine, SW Esfahan. Journal of Economic Geology, 10(2): 537–559. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/ 10.22067/econg.v10i2.62158
7
Emami, M.H., 1993. Geological map of Kashan, scale 1: 100000. Geological Survey of Iran.
8
Ghasemi, A., Tabatabaei Manesh, S.M., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Mokhtari, A.R., 2015. Geoenvironmental studies and heavy metal mapping in soil: the case of Ghohroud area, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(6): 5221–5232. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12665-015-4532-2
9
Hassani-Pak, A.A., 1992. Mining Sampling. University of Tehran, Tehran, 304 pp. (in Persian)
10
Hassani-Pak, A.A., 2012. Principles of geochemical (inorganic) exploration. University of Tehran, Tehran, 621 pp. (in Persian)
11
Hatefi, R., Khezri, M., Khodaei, K., Shahsavari, A.A., Modaberi, S. and Asadiyan, A., 2016. Estimation of Pollution and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface Soils around the Granitoids of Ahar Region - East Azarbaijan. Journal of Researches in Earth Sciences, 7(26): 1–20. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95915.html
12
Hawkes, H.E., 1957. Principals of Geochemical Prospecting. Geological Survey Bulletin, United States, Report 1000, 130 pp. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1000F
13
Houshmand Firoozabadi, F., Karimian, A.A., Elmi, M.R. and Azimzadeh, H.R., 2014. Investigation of Heavy Metals Distribution in Soils of Bamu National Park due to Human Activities. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (IJSR), 28(3): 585–597. https://doi.org/ 10.22092/ijsr.2014.100026
14
Jacob, D.L., Yellick, A.H., Kissoon, L.T.T., Asgary, A., Wijeyaratne, D.N., Saini-Eidukat, B. and Otte, M.L., 2013. Cadmium and associated metals in soils and sediments of wetlands across the Northern Plains, USA. Environmental Pollution, 178(1): 211–219. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.005
15
Jöreskog, K.G., Klovan, J.E. and Reyment, R.A., 1976. Geological Factor Analysis. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 237 pp. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/VGLS-public
16
Jyoti, V., Saini-Eidukat, B., Hopkins, D. and DeSutter, T., 2015. Naturally elevated metal contents of soils in northeastern North Dakota, USA, with a focus on cadmium. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15(7): 1571–1583. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11368-015-1122-6
17
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H., 2000. Trace elements in soils and plants. Chemical Rubber Company Press, Florida, 365 pp.
18
Khan, S., Rehman, S., Khan, A.Z., Khan, M.A. and Shah, M.T., 2010. Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73(7): 1820–1827. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.016
19
Khorasanipour, M. and Aftabi, A., 2011. Environmental geochemistry of toxic heavy metals in soils around Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine smelter plant, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62(3): 449–465. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12665-010-0539-x
20
Loska, K., Chebual, J., Pelczar, J., Wiechla, D. and Kwapulinski, J., 1995. Use of environment and contamination factors togheder with geoaccumulation indexes to elevate the content of Cd, Cu and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water, Air and Soil pollution, 93(1): 347–365. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022121615949
21
Luo, L., Ma, Y.B., Zhang, S.Z., Wei, D.P. and Zhu, Y.G., 2009. An Inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8): 2524–2530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.011
22
Mahlooji, H., 2006. Encyclopedia of Kashan (Geology and Geomorphology). Culture’s Foundation of Kashan, Kashan, 150 pp. (in Persian)
23
Mande, S.A., Liu, M., Liu, F., Djaneye-Bouindjou, G., Bawa, M.L. and Chen, H., 2011. Factor analysis as an example of qualitative and quantitative method for modelling hydrogeochemical processes of coastal sedimentary basin of Togo. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(31): 5554–5559. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR10.739
24
Mason, B. and Moore, K.B., 1982. Principles of Geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, English, 352 pp.
25
Mehvari, R., 2017. Petrological studies of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal alteration zones, with emphasize on their environmental geochemistry in Saadabad, southwest of Kashan. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, 364 pp. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://lib.ui.ac.ir/DL/Search/
26
Mehvari, R., Noghreyan, M., Sharifi, M., Mackizadeh, M.A., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Torabi, G., 2016. Mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene: guidance on geo- thermobarometry and tectonomagmatic setting of Nabar volcanic rocks, South of Kashan. Journal of Economic Geology, 8(2): 493–506. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V11I4.7115
27
Moore, F., Soltani, N., Keshavarzi, B., Karimi, M. and Ismailzadeh M., 2012. Environmental geology of water, soil and sediments of the deposit of copper in Dare Zar (Kerman). Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, 1 (3): 29–37. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=238690
28
Mumba, P.P., Chibambo, B.Q. and Kadewa, W., 2008. A Comparison of The Levels of Heavy Metals in Cabbages Irrigated with Reservoir and Tap Water. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(1): 61–64. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2010.176
29
Nriagu, J.O. and Pacyna, J.M., 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils with trace metals. Nature, 333(6169): 134–139. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://www.nature.com/articles/333134a0
30
Øygard, J.K. and Gjengedal, E., 2009. Uranium in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3(1): 61–68. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2009.33
31
Priju, C. P. and Narayana, A.C., 2007. Heavy and Trace Metals in Vembanad Lake Sediments. International Journal of Environmental Research, 1(4): 280–289. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2010.138
32
Reboredo, F., 1993. How differences in the field influence Cu, Fe and Zn uptake by Halimione portulacoides and Spartina maritime. Science of the Total Environment, 133(1–2): 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90116-N
33
Resmi, G., Thampi, S.G. and Chandrakaran, S., 2010. Brevundimonas vesicularis: A Novel Bio-sorbent for Removal of Lead from Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(2): 281–288. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ijer.2010.20
34
Rey, R.D., Fierros, F.D. and Barral, M.T., 2009. Normalization strategies for river bed sediments: A graphical approach. Microchemical Journal, 91(2): 253–263. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.MICROC.2008.12.004
35
Samanta, G., Mandal, B.K., Roy Chowdhury, T., Chanda, C.R., Chowdhury, P.P., Basu, G.K. and Chakraborti, D., 1996. Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 18(1): 5–15. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF01757214
36
Sartaj, M., Fatollahi, F. and Filizadeh, Y., 2005. An Investigation of the Evolution of Distribution and Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb) in Anzali Wetland’s Sediments. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 58(3): 623–634. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257129428
37
Satyanarayana, D., Panigrahy, P.K. and Sahu, S.D., 1994. Metal pollution in Harborand coastal sediments of visakhpatnam, east coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 23(1): 52–54. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/37525
38
Sayari, M. and Sharifi, M., 2016. Application of clinopyroxene chemistry to interpret the physical conditions of ascending magma, a case study of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Ghohrud area (North of Isfahan). Journal of Economic Geology, 8(1): 61–78. (in Persian with English abstract) http://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v8i1.38857
39
Smedley, P. and Kinniburgh, D.G., 2005. Arsenic in Groundwater and the Environment. In: O. Selinus (Editor), Essentials of Medical Geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 263–299. http:// doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_12
40
Vangronsveld, J., 1998. Case studies in the field—arsenic contaminated kitchen gardens. In: J. Vangronsveld and S.D. Cunningham (Editors), Metal-Contaminated Soils: In-Situ Inactivation and Phytorestoration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 227–228. Retrieved September 4, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280070169
41
Venugopal, T., Giridharan, L. and Jayaprakash, M. 2009. Characterization and Risk Assessment Studies of Bed Sediments of River Adyar-An Application of Speciation Study. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3(4): 581–598. http://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2010.74
42
Zourarah, B., Maanan, M., Carruesco, C., Aajjane, A., Mehdi, K. and ConceiÇão Freitas, M., 2007. Fifty year sedimentary of heavy metal pollution in the lagoon of Oulidia (Moroccan Atlantic coast). Estuarine Costal and Shelf Science, 72(1–2): 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.11.007
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
بررسی شواهد کانی شناسی و ژئوشیمیایی برای ارزیابی پتانسیل اقتصادی باطله های برجا در معدن روی و سرب انگوران
معدن روی-سرب انگوران در غرب استان زنجان و شمال غربی پهنه ماگمایی-دگرگونی سنندج-سیرجان قرارگرفته است. در این پژوهش از کانی پلی مورف ورتزیت، بهعنوان کانی معرف و ردیاب برای شناسایی مکانهای مستعد غنی شده از عناصر فلزی کمیاب استفاده شد. بر اساس این پژوهش، تمرکز اقتصادی عناصر فلزی در معدن انگوران را میتوان به دو بخش سولفیدی دارای غنی شدگی از عناصر نقره، کادمیم و سلنیوم (بالاتر از عیار حد خود) و باطلههای کربناته دارای غنی شدگی از عنصر آرسنیک تقسیم کرد. تمرکز برخی از عناصر در فرودیواره شیست این معدن (مانند آهن و به مقادیر کم آرسنیک، کبالت، مس و آنتیموان) در ارتباط با کانیزایی سولفیدی در آنهاست. نتایج بهدست آمده از تجزیه ژئوشیمیایی در این پژوهش نشاندهنده آن است که تمرکز بالای عناصر فلزی (نقره، کادمیم، سلنیوم، قلع، ایندیم، کبالت و غیره) در بخش سولفیدی معدن انگوران است که تأییدی در ارتباط با تشکیل کانیهای اسفالریت و ورتزیت به صورت همزیست در نتیجه غنی شدگی از عناصر فلزی کمیاب است. انباشت اصولی عناصر فلزی موجود در باطلهها و سایر بخشهای معدنی بر اساس نوع و میزان غنیشدگی، نه تنها موجب به حداقل رساندن مخاطرات زیستمحیطی میشود؛ بلکه میتواند قدمی برای استخراج و بهرهبرداری این عناصر به صورت محصول جانبی باشد.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40560_7c468b0da8c9d0fd6d5d9d66387b87cd.pdf
2021-08-23
295
325
10.22067/econg.v13i2.81335
باطلههای معدنی
ورتزیت
عناصر کمیاب
پهنه سنندج-سیرجان
انگوران
زنجان
محمد
فلاح
mohammad.fallah06@gmail.com
1
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
AUTHOR
قاسم
نباتیان
gh.nabatian@gmail.com
2
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
سعیده
قدیمی
ghadimi.sp@gmail.com
3
معدن انگوران، زنجان، ایران
AUTHOR
Adriano, D.C., 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments, Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals. Springer, New York, 867 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5
1
Ahrabian Fard, P., 2019. Geology, geochemistry and genesis of Chromite mineralization in the Alamkandi area, west of Zanjan. M.sc. Thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran, 145 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
2
Allen, E.T., Crenshaw, J.L. and Merwin, H.E., 1912. The slphides of zinc, cadmium, and mercury; their crystalline forms and genetic conditions; microscopic study by HE Merwin. American Journal of Science, 34(202): 341–396. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-34.202.341
3
Babakhani, A.R. and Ghalamghash, J., 1990. Geological map of Iran, 1: 100,000 series sheet Takht-e-Soleiman. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
4
Bauer, M.E., Burisch, M., Ostendorf, J., Krause, J., Frenzel, M., Seifert, T. and Gutzmer, J., 2018. Trace element geochemistry of sphalerite in contrasting hydrothermal fluid systems of the Freiberg district, Germany: insights from LA-ICP-MS analysis, near-infrared light microthermometry of sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions, and sulfur isotope geochemistry. Mineralium Deposita, 54(2): 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0850-0
5
Beaudoin, G., 2000. Acicular sphalerite enriched in Ag, Sb, and Cu embedded within color-banded sphalerite from the Kokanee Range, British Columbia, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38(6): 1387–1398. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.38.6.1387
6
Belissont, R., Boiron, M.C., Luais, B. and Cathelineau, M., 2014. LA-ICP-MS analyses of minor and trace elements and bulk Ge isotopes in zoned Ge-rich sphalerites from the Noailhac–Saint-Salvy deposit (France): Insights into incorporation mechanisms and ore deposition processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 126(1): 518–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.10.052
7
Bhappu, R.B., 1962. Recovering Selenium from Sandstone Ores of New Mexico. JOM (The Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS)), 14(6): 429–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03378161
8
Boni, M., Gilg, H.A., Balassone, G., Schneider, J., Allen, C.R. and Moore, F., 2007. Hypogene Zn carbonate ores in the Angouran deposit, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 42(8): 799–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0144-4
9
Bonnet, J., Mosser-Ruck, R., Caumon, M.C., Rouer, O., Andre-Mayer, A.S., Cauzid, J. and Peiffert, C., 2016. Trace Element Distribution (Cu, Ga, Ge, Cd, and Fe) in Sphalerite from the Tennessee MVT Deposits, USA, By Combined EMPA, LA-ICP-MS, Raman Spectroscopy, and Crystallography. The Canadian Mineralogist, 54(5): 1261–1284. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1500104
10
Butterman, W.C. and Brown Jr, R.D., 2004a. Mineral Commodity Profiles: Selenium. U.S. Geological Survey, United States, Report 03–18, 20 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0318
11
Butterman, W.C. and Carlin Jr, J.F., 2004b. Mineral commodity profiles: Antimony. U.S. Geological Survey, United States, Report 03–19, 35 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0319
12
Butterman, W.C. and Plachy, J., 2004c. Mineral commodity profiles: Cadmium. U.S. Geological Survey, United States, Report 02–238, 25 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02238
13
Cook, N.J., Ciobanu, C.L., Pring, A., Skinner, W., Shimizu, M., Danyushevsky, L., Saini-Eidukat, B. and Melcher, F., 2009. Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(16): 4761–4791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045
14
Daliran, F., Pride, K., Walther, J., Berner, Z.A. and Bakker, R.J., 2013. The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide–zinc carbonate mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 53: 373–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.02.002
15
Fallah, M., Nabatian, Gh. and Ghadimi, S., 2019. Introduction of wurtzite mineral as trace metal elements potential in the Angouran Zn-Pb mine. 26th Symposium of Crystallography and Mineralogy of Iran (SCMI), Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved March 30, 2019 from http://www.cmsi.ir/UI/ArticleDetails?Lang=fa&ArticleID=2043
16
George, L., Cook, N.J., Ciobanu, C.L. and Wade, B.P., 2015. Trace and minor elements in galena: A reconnaissance LA-ICP-MS study. American Mineralogist, 100(2–3): 548–569. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-4862
17
Ghorbani, M., 2008. Economic geology of natural and mineral resources of Iran. Pars Arian Zamin Publication, Tehran, 570 pp. (in Persian)
18
Gilg, H.A., Boni, M., Balassone, G., Allen, C.R., Banks, D. and Moore, F., 2006. Marble-hosted sulfide ores in the Angouran Zn-(Pb–Ag) deposit, NW Iran: interaction of sedimentary brines with a metamorphic core complex. Mineralium Deposita, 41(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0035-5
19
Gocht, W.R., Eggert, R.G. and Zantop, H., 1988. International mineral economics: mineral exploration, mine valuation, mineral markets, international mineral policies. Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 279 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73321-5
20
Kritikos, A., 2016. Compositional Systematics of Sphalerites from Western Bergslagen, Sweden. M.Sc. Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 111 pp. Retrieved March 03, 2019 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Compositional-Systematics-of-Sphalerites-from-Kritikos/e4d52db4fcea6b3e6657bbbcd5e655fc8e870aae
21
Maanijou, M. and Khodaei, L., 2018. Mineralogy and electron microprobe studies of magnetite in the Sarab-3 iron Ore deposit, southwest of the Shahrak mining region (east Takab). Journal of Economic Geology, 10(1): 267–293. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v10i1.56522
22
Maanijou, M. and Salemi, R., 2015. Mineralogy, chemistry of magnetite and genesis of Korkora-1 iron deposit, east of Takab, NW Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 355–374. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v6i2.22650
23
Marangi, H., 2017. Mineralogy and geochemistry of prone ore and minerals to concentration of trace and rare earth elements in zinc and lead Angouran mine - southwest of Zanjan. M.Sc. Thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran, 145 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
24
Marshall, C.P. and Fairbridge, R.W., 2006. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Springer Netherlands, 747 pp.
25
Moradi, S. and Monhemius, A.J., 2011. Mixed sulphide-oxide lead and zinc ores: Problems and solutions. Minerals Engineering, 24(10): 1062–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.05.014
26
Pirkharrati, H. and Farhadi, Kh., 2014. Investigating the potential of water and soil pollution in the Angouran lead and zinc mine area and providing solutions for crisis management. IMPASCO, Iran, Yazd, Report 1, pp. 55–76. (in Persian)
27
Rahimi, H., 2016. Geological Map of Angouran Mine, scale 1: 2000. Iran's minerals producer and supplier co. (IMPASCO), Zanjan.
28
Ridley, J., 2014. Ore deposit geology. Cambridge University Press, New York, 411 pp. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2014-651
29
Sadeghi, N., Moghaddam, J. and Ilkhchi, M.O., 2017. Determination of effective parameters in pilot plant scale direct leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrate. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 53(1): 601–616. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp170147
30
Sadeghi Bojd, M. and Moore, F., 2005. From fluid inclusion study to genesis of the Angouran ore deposit NW Iran. The 15th Annual Goldschmidt Conference: A voyage of discovery, University of Idaho, Idaho, Moscow. Retrieved February 28, 2018 from https://goldschmidt.info/conferencesView
31
Scott, S.D. and Barnes, H.L., 1972. Sphalerite-wurtzite equilibria and stoichiometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 36(11): 1275–1295. . https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(72)90049-X
32
Ueno, T., Scott, S.D. and Kojima, S., 1996. Inversion between sphalerite and wurtzite-type structures in the system Zn-Fe-Ga-S. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34(5): 949–958. . Retrieved March 18, 2018 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article/34/5/949/12799/Inversion-between-sphalerite-and-wurtzite-type
33
Wang, Y., Han, X., Petersen, S., Frische, M., Qiu, Z., Cai, Y. and Zhou, P., 2018. Trace Metal Distribution in Sulfide Minerals from Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems: Examples from the Kairei Vent Field, Central Indian Ridge. Minerals, 8(11): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8110526
34
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مطالعه دگرسانی، کانه نگاری، سیالات درگیر، اسپکتروسکوپی رامان و ایزوتوپ های پایدار اکسیژن- هیدروژن در کانسار آهن-آپاتیت لکه سیاه 1، استان یزد
کانسار آهن لکه سیاه 1 در 40 کیلومتری شمالشرقی شهرستان بافق در استان یزد و در پهنه زمینساختی کاشمر- کرمان واقعشده است. واحدهای سنگی منطقه به کامبرین زیرین تعلق دارند و شامل ریولیت، آندزیت، سنگ های آذرآواری، دولومیت و ماسهسنگ هستند. توده های نفوذی با ترکیب مونزونیت تا دیوریت در این واحـدهای سنگی نفوذ کرده اند. فراینـد دگرسـانی، سنـگ های منطقه را تحتتأثیر قرار داده؛ به طوری که مهـم ترین هاله هـای دگرسـانی رخداده در منطـقه (سدیک)- کلسیک، کلـریتی شدن، اپیدوتی شدن، سریسیتی شدن، سیلیسی شدن و آرژیلیک است. مگنتیت کانه اصلی کانسار است که دارای بافت های توده ای، برشی و مارتیتی است. بر اساس بررسیهای پتروگرافی، چهار نوع سیال درگیر در کانی کوارتز همراه کانسنگ مشاهده شده که شامل تکفاز مایع (L)، تکفاز گاز (V)، دوفازی (L+V) و سه فازی (L+V+H) هستند. دمای همگنشدن سیالات درگیر دو فازی بین 217 تا 428 و سه فازی بین 384 تا 467 درجه سانتیگراد و شوری برای سیالات دو فازی بین 10 تا 27 و برای سه فازی بین 40 تا 44 درصد معادل شوری نمک طعام بهدست آمد. بر اساس بررسیهای اسپکتروسکوپی لیزر رامان بر روی سیالات درگیر، میزان گاز N2 و CO2 در سیالات دو فازی به ترتیب 69 و 31 درصد و در سیالات درگیر سهفازی به ترتیب 33 و 67 درصد مولی است که منشأ آن میتواند گاززدایی از گوشته و واکنش سیالات با سنگ های کربناته باشد. بررسی ترکیب ایزوتوپی O و H سیال در تعادل با کوارتز نشان می دهد که سیال اولیه در این کانه زایی منشأ ماگمایی داشته که در مرحلههای بعدی با سیالات جوی اختلاط حاصلکرده که این فرایند با کاهش سیستماتیک دما و شوری همراه بوده است.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40606_d444013b450b54530ce604f344a36eaf.pdf
2021-08-23
327
352
10.22067/econg.v13i2.84167
لکه سیاه
دگرسانی
سیال ماگمایی
آب جوی
اسپکتروسکوپی لیزر رامان
میثم
قلی پور
meisam.gholipoor@gmail.com
1
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران
AUTHOR
مهرداد
براتی
msmbarati@yahoo.com
2
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
ابراهیم
طالع فاضل
e.talefazel@basu.ac.ir
3
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران
AUTHOR
وراتیسلاو
هورای
vratislav.hurai@savba.sk
4
مؤسسه علوم زمین اسلواکی، براتیسلاوا، اسلواکی
AUTHOR
Bakker, R.J. and Diamond, L.W., 2006. Estimation of volume fractions of liquid and vapor phases in fluid inclusions, and definition of inclusion shapes. American Mineralogist, 91(4): 635–657. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1845
1
Barati, M. and Gholipoor, M., 2014. Study of REE behaviors, fluid inclusions, and O, S stable Isotopes in Zafar-abad iron skarn deposit, NW Divandarreh, Kordestan province. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 235–275. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V6I2.20257
2
Barnes, H.L., 1997. Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 797 pp. Retrieved April 2, 2020 from Retrieved April 2, 2020 from https://www.wiley.com/en-bo/Geochemistry+of+Hydrothermal+Ore+Deposits%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9780471571445
3
Barton, M.D., 2014. Iron oxide (-Cu-Au-REE-P-Ag-U-Co) systems. In: H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian (Editors), Treatise on Geochemistry: Elsevier Science, USA, pp. 515–541. Retrieved July 10, 2020 from Retrieved July 10, 2020 from https:https://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton%5B14_IOCGSystems_ToG2-Ch20.pdf
4
Beaufort, D., Rigault, C., Billon, S., Billault, V., Inoue, A., Inoue, S. and Patrier, P., 2015. Chlorite and chloritization processes through mixed-layer mineral series in low-temperature geological systems–a review. Clay Minerals, 50(4): 497–523. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.4.06
5
Chiaradia, M., Banks, D., Cliff, R., Marschik, R. and De Haller, A., 2006. Origin of fluids in iron oxide–copper–gold deposits: constraints from δ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br. Mineralium Deposita, 41(6): 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0082-6
6
Childress, T.M., Simon, A.C., Day, W.C., Lundstrom, C.C. and Bindeman, I.N., 2016. Iron and oxygen isotope signatures of the Pea Ridge and Pilot Knob magnetite-apatite deposits, southeast Missouri, USA. Economic Geology, 111(8): 2033–2044. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.8.2033
7
Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R. and Mayeda, T.K., 1972. Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77(17): 3057–3067. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB077i017p03057
8
Craig, J.R. and Vaughan, D.J., 1994. Ore microscopy and ore petrography. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 434 pp. Retrieved July 15, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290120333
9
Dare, S.A., Barnes, S.J. and Beaudoin, G., 2015. Did the massive magnetite “lava flows” of El Laco (Chile) form by magmatic or hydrothermal processes? New constraints from magnetite composition by LA-ICP-MS. Mineralium Deposita, 50(5): 607–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0560-1
10
De Melo, G.H., Monteiro, L.V., Xavier, R.P., Moreto, C.P. and Santiago, E., 2019. Tracing Fluid Sources for the Salobo and Igarapé Bahia Deposits: Implications for the Genesis of the Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposits in the Carajás Province, Brazil. Economic Geology, 114(4): 697–718. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4659
11
Evans, A.M., 1993. Ore geology and industrial minerals: an introduction. John Wiley and Sons, Oxford, United Kingdom, 400 pp. Retrieved July 15, 2020 from https://www.pmf.unizg.hr/_download/repository/ORE_GEOLOGY_AND_INDUSTRIAL_MINERALS.PDF
12
Frezzotti, M.L., Tecce, F. and Casagli, A., 2012. Raman spectroscopy for fluid inclusion analysis. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.09.009
13
Foose, M.P. and McLelland, J.M., 1995. Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications. Geology, 23(7): 665–668. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0665:PLTIOD>2.3.CO;2
14
Frietsch, R., Tuisku, P., Martinsson, O. and Perdahl, J.A., 1997. Early proterozoic Cu-(Au) and Fe ore deposits associated with regional Na-Cl metasomatism in northern Fennoscandia. Ore Geology Reviews, 12(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(96)00013-3
15
Fulignati, P., 2018. Hydrothermal fluid evolution in the ‘Botro ai Marmi’quartz-monzonitic intrusion, Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany, Italy. Evidence from a fluid-inclusion investigation. Mineralogical Magazine, 82(5): 1169–1185. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2018.116
16
Giggenbach, W.F., 1992. Magma degassing and mineral deposition in hydrothermal systems along convergent plate boundaries: SEG Distinguished lecture. Economic Geology, 87: 1927–1944. Retrieved August 1, 2020 from https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200902004813361407
17
Grondijs, H.F. and Schouten, C., 1937. A study of the Mount Isa ores [Queensland, Australia]. Economic Geology, 32(4): 407–450. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.32.4.407
18
Gu, L., Wu, C., Zhang, Z., Pirajno, F., Ni, P., Chen, P. and Xiao, X., 2011. Comparative study of ore-forming fluids of hydrothermal copper–gold deposits in the lower Yangtze River Valley, China. International Geology Review, 53(5–6): 477–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2010.533873
19
Haghipour, A., 1977. Geological Map of the Posht-e-Badam Area, Scale 1: 100,000. Geological Survey of Iran. Retrieved August 5, 2020 from https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/52531
20
Heidarian, H., Alirezaei, S. and Lentz, D.R., 2017. Chadormalu Kiruna-type magnetite-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Iran: Insights into hydrothermal alteration and petrogenesis from geochemical, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope data. Ore Geology Reviews, 83: 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.11.031
21
Henriquez, F. and Martin, R.F., 1978. Crystal-growth textures in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16(4): 581–589. Retrieved July 27, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237651949
22
Hitzman, M.W., Oreskes, N. and Einaudi, M.T., 1992. Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of proterozoic iron oxide (Cu- U- Au- REE) deposits. Precambrian Research, 58(1–4): 241–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90121-4
23
Houshmandzadeh, A. Sabzehei, M. Ghaemi, J. and Haddadan, M., 2012. Geological map of Ali Abad, scale, 1:25000, Sheet No. 7153 IV SE. Parskani Co. (in Persian)
24
Keyong, W., Min, Q., Fengyue, S., Duo, W., Li, W. and XiangWen, L., 2010. Study on the geochemical characteristics of ore-forming fluids and genesis of Xiaoxinancha gold-copper deposit, Jilin Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(12): 3727–3734. Retrieved August 10, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287860941
25
Knipping, J.L., Bilenker, L.D., Simon, A.C., Reich, M., Barra, F., Deditius, A.P. and Munizaga, R., 2015. Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 171: 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.010
26
Lowenstern, J.B., 2001. Carbon dioxide in magmas and implications for hydrothermal systems. Mineralium Deposita, 36(6): 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260100185
27
Luo, G., Zhang, Z., Du, Y., Pang, Z., Zhang, Y. and Jiang, Y., 2015. Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids in the Hemushan magnetite–apatite deposit, Anhui Province, Eastern China, and their metallogenic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 113(3): 1100–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.018
28
Mirzababaei, G., Mehrdad Behzadi, M., Rezvanianzadeh, M.R., Yazdi, M. and Ghannadi Maragheh, M. 2019. Brecciated unit and Th-REE mineralization in the Se-Chahun ore deposit, Bafq mining district, Central Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 11(1): 105–120. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v11i1.65876
29
Morizet, Y., Paris, M., Gaillard, F. and Scaillet, B., 2009. Raman quantification factor calibration for CO–CO2 gas mixture in synthetic fluid inclusions: application to oxygen fugacity calculation in magmatic systems. Chemical Geology, 264(1–4): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.02.014
30
Naranjo, J.A., Henríquez, F. and Nyström, J.O., 2010. Subvolcanic contact metasomatism at El Laco volcanic complex, central Andes. Andean Geology, 37(1):110–120. Retrieved August 10, 2020 from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1739/173914377005.pdf
31
Pirajno, F., 2009. Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems. Springer Science and Business Media, Australia, 1273 pp. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-71062010000100005
32
Rajabi, A., Canet, C., Rastad, E. and Alfonso, P., 2015. Basin evolution and stratigraphic correlation of sedimentary-exhalative Zn–Pb deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan–Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 64: 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.013
33
Rajabi, A., Rastad, E., Alfonso, P. and Canet, C., 2012. Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes of the Koushk vent-proximal sedimentary-exhalative deposit, Posht-e-Badam block, Central Iran. International Geology Review, 54(14): 1635–1648. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2012.659106
34
Rajabzadeh, M.A., Hoseini, K. and Moosavinasab, Z., 2015. Mineralogical and geochemical studies on apatites and phosphate host rocks of Esfordi deposit, Yazd province, to determine the origin and geological setting of the apatite. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 331–353. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v6i2.20956
35
Ramdohr, P., 1980. The ore minerals and their intergrowths. Elsevier, Oxford, New York, 1205 pp. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284413752
36
Ramezani, J. and Tucker, R.D., 2003. The Saghand region, central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics. American Journal of Science, 303(7): 622–665. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.7.622
37
Robb, L., 2005. Introduction to ore-forming processes. Blackwell publishing, Malden, 373 pp. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://kursatozcan.com/ders_notlari/Introduction_to_Ore_Forming_Processes.pdf
38
Samani, B., 1993. Saghand formation, a riftogenic unit of upper Precambrian in central Iran. Geosciences: Scientific Quarterly Journal of the Geological Survey of Iran, 2(6): 32–45. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&lang=en&idt=6501166
39
Samani, B.A. 1988. Metallogeny of the Precambrian in Iran. Precambrian Research, 39(1–2): 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(88)90053-8
40
Sepahi, A.A. and Miri, M., 2015. Textures of Igneous and metamorphic rocks. Bu-Ali sina University press, Hamedan, 171 pp. (in Persian) Retrieved August 22, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285393053
41
Shelley, D., 1993. Igneous and metamorphic rocks under the microscope: classification, textures, microstructures and mineral preferred-orientations. Chapman and Hall, London, 445 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800020744
42
Sheppard, S.M. and Harris, C., 1985. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry of Ascension Island lavas and granites: variation with crystal fractionation and interaction with sea water. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 91(1): 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429429
43
Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Chapman and Hall Blackie, New York, 224 pp. Retrieved August 27, 2020 from https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Guide-Fluid-Inclusion-Studies/dp/0216916461
44
Taghipour, S., Kananian, A., Harlov, D. and Oberhänsli, R., 2015. Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite deposits, Bafq district, central Iran: Fluid-aided genesis of fluorapatite-monazite-xenotime assemblages. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53(3): 479–496. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.4344
45
Taylor, B.E., 1992. Degassing of H2O from rhyolitic magma during eruption and shallow intrusion, and the isotopic composition of magmatic water in hydrothermal systems. In: J.W. Hedenquist (Editors), Magmatic Contributions to Geothermal Systems. Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, Report 279, 190–194. Retrieved May 5, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285082036
46
Taylor, Jr., H.P., 1974. The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Economic Geology, 69(6): 843–883. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843
47
Taylor, Jr., 1997. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits. In: H.L. Barnes (Editors), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 229–302. Retrieved April 22, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288948012
48
Thompson, A.J.B., Thompson, J.F.H. and Dunne, K.P.E., 1996. Atlas of alteration: a field and petrographic guide to hydrothermal alteration minerals. Geological Association of Canada, Canada, 120 pp. Retrieved August 18, 2020 from https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3877120
49
Touret, J.L., 1992. CO2 transfer between the upper mantle and the atmosphere: temporary storage in the lower continental crust. Terra Nova, 4(1): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00453.x
50
Torab, F.M., 2008. Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnetite apatite deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Claustal, Clausthal, Germany, 131 pp. Retrieved July 27, 2020 from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/45268823.pdf
51
Tornos, F., Velasco, F. and Hanchar, J.M., 2016. Iron-rich melts, magmatic magnetite, and superheated hydrothermal systems: The El Laco deposit, Chile. Geology, 44(6): 427–430. https://doi.org/10.1130/G37705.1
52
Wang, Y., Wang, K. and Konare, Y., 2018. N2-rich fluid in the vein-type Yangjingou scheelite deposit, Yanbian, NE China. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 5662. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22227-7
53
Westhues, A., Hanchar, J.M., LeMessurier, M.J. and Whitehouse, M.J., 2017. Evidence for hydrothermal alteration and source regions for the Kiruna iron oxide–apatite ore (northern Sweden) from zircon Hf and O isotopes. Geology, 45(6): 571–574. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38894.1
54
Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55(1–4): 229–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5
55
Williams, P.J., Barton, M.D., Johnson, D.A., Fontboté, L., De Haller, A., Mark, G. and Marschik, R., 2005. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. In: J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb and J.P. Richards (Editors), Economic Geology, One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littelton, USA, pp. 371–405. Retrieved June 27, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308527615
56
Williams, P.J. and Blake, K.L., 1993. Alteration in the Cloncurry district; Roles of recognition and interpretation in exploration for Cu-Au and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Contributions of the Economic Geology Research Unit, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 72 pp. Retrieved August 26, 2020 from https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6384265
57
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371
58
Zhaohua, L., Xinxiang, L., Shaofeng, G., Jing, S., Bihe, C., Fan, H. and Zongfeng, Y., 2008. Metallogenic systems on the transmagmatic fluid theory. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(12): 2669–2678. Retrieved August 27, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286482625
59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
زمین شیمی عناصر کمیاب در افق فسفریتی کمربند زاگرس: رهیافتی نو بر نهشت و زایش
افق فسفریتی زاگرس به سن ائوسن-الیگوسن، به میزبانی سازند پابده، در کمربند زاگرس چین خورده با روند شمال غرب -جنوب شرق واقع است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی زمین شیمی عناصرکمیاب برای پایش شرایط نهشت و زایش این عناصر در افق فسفریتی زاگرس است. طبق بررسیهای میکروسکوپی، اجزای فسفاته و غیرفسفاته اغلب شامل پلت، اائید، اینتراکلاست و باقیمانده خردههای استخوان ماهی، میکروفسیل ها، گلوکونیت، کلسیت، پیریت، اکسید آهن و کوارتز است. شیل بیتومینه در توالی چینهشناسی، حضور پیریت های فرامبوئیدال فراوان، الگوی پراکنش REE نرمالیزشده به PAAS، آنومالی منفی Ce تمامی نمونه ها، آنومالی مثبت Euدر همه نمونه های مورد بررسی به جز نمونه شیل بیتومینه فسفریت کوه ریش، نسبت Ni/Co و همچنین نمودار (V+Ni)V/ در برابر Ni/Co، همگی نشاندهنده تغییر شرایط از اکسیدی در زمان نهشت فسفات تا نیمه احیایی-احیایی در اثر تخریب و تجزیه ترکیبات آلی توسط میکروارگانیسم ها و فراهم شدن شرایط ورود عناصر کمیاب از جمله اورانیوم به ساختار بلوری آپاتیت، در حوضه زاگرس هستند.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40569_3eb7463084de483230838cd97848db8f.pdf
2021-08-23
353
386
10.22067/econg.v13i2.88181
عناصر کمیاب
زمین شیمی
افق فسفریتی
کمربند زاگرس
علیرضا
زراسوندی
zarasvandi_a@scu.ac.ir
1
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علومزمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
زهرا
فریدونی
z-fereydoni@stu.scu.ac.ir
2
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علومزمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
AUTHOR
بهرام
علیزاده
alizadeh@scu.ac.ir
3
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علومزمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
AUTHOR
بهمن
سلیمانی
soleimani_b@scu.ac.ir
4
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکده علومزمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
AUTHOR
Abed, A.M., 2011. Review of Uranium in the Jordanian Phosphorites: Distribution, Genesis and Industry. Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 4(2): 35–45. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288959316
1
Abed, A.M., 2013. The eastern Mediterranean phosphorite giants: an interplay between tectonics and upwelling. GeoArabia, 18(2): 67–94. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285695505
2
Abed, A.M., Jaber, O., Alkuisi, M. and Sadaqah, R., 2016. Rare earth elements and uranium geochemistry in the Al-Kora phosphorite province, Late Cretaceous, northwestern Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(3): 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2135-6
3
Alavi, M., 2007. Structure of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Iran. American Journal of Sciences, 307(9):1064–1095. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2007.02
4
Al-Bassam, K.S., 1990. The Akashat phosphate deposits, Iraq. In: A.J. Notholt, R.P. Sheldon and D.F. Davidson (Editors), Phosphate Deposits of the World, Phosphate Rock Resources. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 316–322. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6729694
5
Altschuler, Z.S., 1980. The Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Marine Phosphorites Part I. Characteristic Abundances and Enrichment. In: Y.K. Bentor (Editor), Marine Phosphorites-Geochemistry, Occurrence, Genesis. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, Reston, pp. 19–30. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.80.29.0019
6
Arning, E.T., Luckge, A., Breuer, C., Gussone, N., Birgel, D. and peckmann, J., 2009. Genesis of Phosphorite Crusts off Peru. Marine Geology, 262(1–4): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.03.006
7
Avini, M., 1988. Preliminary report of economic technical Studies of Kuh-Rish phosphate deposit (North Behbahan). Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade, Tehran, 27 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
8
Awadalla, G.S., 2010. Geochemistry and microprobe investigations of Abu Tartur REE-bearing phosphorite, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 57(5): 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.11.009
9
Baioumy, H., 2011. Rare earth elements and sulfur and strontium isotopes of upper Cretaceous phosphorites in Egypt. Cretaceous Research, 32(3): 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.008
10
Baturin, G.N. and Kochenov, A.V., 2001. Uranium in phosphorites. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 36(4): 303–321. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010406103447
11
Bech, J., Suarez, M., Reverter, F., Tume, P., Sánchez, P., Roca, N. and Lansac, A., 2010. Selenium and other trace element in phosphorites: A comparison between those of the Bayovar-Sechura and other provenances. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 107(2): 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.04.002
12
Bishady, A.M., Farag, N.M., Mira, H.I., Elsawey, E.S.H. and Negm, S.H., 2019. A Contribution to the geochemistry of El-sibaiya phosphorite, Nile Valley, Egypt. Nuclear Sciences Scientific Journal, 8(1): 39–58. https://doi.org/0.21608/nssj.2019.29945
13
Boggs, S., 2009. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Cambridge University Press, England, 600 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281604561
14
Bonnot-Courtois, C. and Fleoteaux, R., 1989. Distribution of Rare-Earth and some trace elements in Tertiary phosphorites from the Senegal Basin and their weathering products. Chemical Geology, 75(4): 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90004-1
15
Brew, G., Barazangi, M., Al-Maleh, A.K. and Sawaf, T., 2001. Tectonics and geologic evolution of Syria. Geoarabia, 6(4): 573–616. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article/6/4/573/566764/
16
Chen, D., Qing, H., Yan, X. and Li, H., 2006. Hydrothermal venting and basin evolution (Devonian, South China): constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert. Sedimentary Geology, 183(3–4): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.020
17
Cheshmehsari, M., 2012. The mineralogical and geochemical features of Dalir phosphate index (SW of Chalous – Mazandaran province). M.Sc. Thesis, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, 91 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
18
Damiri, K., 2011. Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of the Phosphate Occurrences in the Pabdeh Formation, southwestern Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, 146 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
19
Emsbo, P., Patrick, I., McLaughlin, P.I., Breit, G.N., Du Bray, E.A. and Koenig, A.E., 2015. Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: solution to the global REE crisis? Gondwana Research. 27(2): 776–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.008
20
Fazio, A.M., Scasso, R.A., Castro, L.N. and Carey, S., 2007. Geochemistry of rare earth elements in early- diagenetic Miocene phosphatic concretions of Patagonia, Argentina: Phosphogenetic implications. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(11–13): 1414–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.013
21
Fereydouni, Z., 2016. Investigating distribution and behavior of Rare Earth Elements and Uranium in the Kuh-e-sefid phosphate ore deposit, Ramhormoz, Khuzestan. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, 222 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
22
Gabar, A.E., Arabi, M.E. and Khalifa, I.H., 2002. Application of multivariate statistical analyses in the interpretation of geochemical behaviour of uranium in phosphatic rocks in the Red Sea, Nile Valley and Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 61(2): 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00124-2
23
Glenn, C.R. and ArThur, M.A., 1988. Petrology and major element geochemistry of Peru margin phosphorites and associated diagenetic minerals: Authigenesis in modern organic-rich sediments. Marine Geology, 80, 231–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90092-8
24
Halalat, H. and Bolourchi, M., 1994. Geology of Iran: Phosphate. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 362 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
25
Hiatt, E.E., Pufahl, P.K. and Edwards, C.T., 2015. Sedimentary phosphate and associated fossil bacteria in a Paleoproterozoic tidal flat in the 1.85 Ga Michigamme Formation, Michigan, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 319: 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.01.006
26
Huang, J.H., Huang, F., Evans, L. and Glasauer, S., 2015. Vanadium: Global (bio) geochemistry. Chemical Geology, 417: 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.019
27
Huerta-Diaz, M.A. and Morse, J.W., 1992. Pyritization of trace metals in anoxic marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(7): 2681–2702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90353-K
28
Ilyin, A.V., 1998. Rare-earth geochemistry of ‘old’ phosphorites and probability of syngenetic precipitation and accumulation of phosphate. Chemical Geology, 144(3–4): 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00134-4
29
Imamoglu, S.M., Nathan, Y., Hakan, C., Soudry, D. and Glenn, C., 2009. Geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic signatures of the Semikan, West Kasrık “Turkish” phosphorites from the Derik–Mazıdagı–Mardin area, SE Anatolia. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98(7): 1679–1690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0332-1
30
Jarvis, I., 1980. Geochemistry of phosphatic chalks and hardgrounds from the Santonian to early Campanian (Cretaceous) of northern France. Journal of the Geological Society, 137(6): 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.137.6.0705
31
Jarvis, I., 1992. Sedimentology, geochemistry and origin of phosphate chalks. the upper cretaceous deposits of NW Europe. Sedimentology 39(1): 55–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01023.x
32
Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, H.X., Chen, Y.Q., Yang, T., Yang, J.H. and Ling, H.F., 2007. Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian black shale sequence in the Mufu Mountain of Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. Chemical Geology, 244(3–4): 584–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.010
33
Jones, B. and Manning, D.C., 1994. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of paleo-redox conditions in Ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111(1–4): 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X
34
Kechiched, R., Laouar, R., Bruguier, O., Kocsis, L., Salmi-Laouar, S., Bosch, D., Ameur-Zaimeche, O., Foufou, A. and Larit, H., 2020. Comprehensive REE+ Y and sensitive redox trace elements of Algerian phosphorites (Tébessa, eastern Algeria): A geochemical study and depositional environments tracking. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 208: 106–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106396
35
Khan, K.F., Dar, Sh.A. and Khan, S.A., 2012. Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of phosphorites of the Sonrai area of Paleoproterozoic Bijawar basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Rare Earths, 30(5): 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60081-7
36
Khirekesh, Z., 2016. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of phosphate rock in Firuzkuh region. M.Sc. Thesis, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran, 78 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
37
Kidder, D., Krishnaswamy, R. and Mapes, R.H., 2003. Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implication for provenance analysis. Chemical Geology, 198(3–4): 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00036-6
38
Matter, W.S.A., 1996. Geology of the early paleogene phosphorite deposits of Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Ph.D. Thesis, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, 380 pp.
39
McClellan, G.H., 1980, Mineralogy of carbonate-fluorapatite. Journal of the Geological Society, London. 137(6): 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.137.6.0675
40
Morford, J.L. and Emerson, S., 1999. The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(11–12): 1735–1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00126-X
41
Okubo, J., Muscente, A.D., Luvizotto, G.L., Uhlein, G.J. and Warren, L.V., 2018. Phosphogenesis, aragonite fan formation and seafloor environments following the Marinoan glaciation. Precambrian Research, 311: 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.04.002
42
Pasero, M., Kampf, A.R., Ferraris, C., Pekov, I.V., Rakova, J. and White, T., 2010. Nomenclature of apatite supergroup minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22(2): 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2022
43
Pourmad, A., Dauphas, N. and Ireland, T.J., 2012. A novel extraction chromatography and MC-ICP-MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: Revising CI-chondrite and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundances. Chemical Geology, 291: 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.011
44
Rajabzadeh, M.A., Hoseini, K. and Moosavinasab, Z., 2014. Mineralogical and geochemical studies on apatites and phosphate host rocks of Esfordi deposit, Yazd province, to determine the origin and geological setting of the apatite. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 331–353. (in Persian with English abstract)
45
Rakovan, J., Reeder, R.J., Elzinga, E.J., Cherniak, D., Tait, C.D. and Morris, D.E., 2002. Characterization of U(VI) in the apatite structure by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(14): 3114–3117. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es015874f
46
Reynard, B., Lecuyer, C. and Grandjean, P., 1999. Crystal-chemical controls on Rare earth element concentrations in fossil biogenic apatites an implication for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Chemical Geology, 155(3–4): 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00169-7
47
Rimmer, S.M., 2004. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in the Devonian– Mississippian black shales, central Appalachian Basin (USA). Chemical Geology. 206(3–4): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.029
48
Robertson, A.H.F. and Dixon J.E., 1984. Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. In: J.E. Dixon and A.H. Robertson (Editors), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, pp. 1–74. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.02
49
Sharland, P.R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Simmons, M.D. and Sutcliffe, O.E., 2004. Arabian plate sequence stratigraphy–revisions to SP2. GeoArabia, 9(1): 199–214. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article/9/1/199/566966
50
Shi, C.H. and Hu, R.Z., 2005. REE geochemistry of Early Cambrian phosphorites from Gezhongwu Formation at Zhijin, Guizhou Province, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 24(2): 166–172. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02841161
51
Silva, E.F.D., Mlayahb, A., Gomesa, C., Noronhac, F., Charefb, A., Sequeiraa, C., Estevesd, V. and Marquesd, A.R.F., 2010. Heavy elements in the phosphorite from Kalaat Khasba mine (North-western Tunisia): Potential implications on the environment and human health. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182(1–3): 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.020
52
Slansky, M., 1979. Geology of Sedimentary Phosphates. North Oxford Academic, United Kingdom, 210 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236431754
53
Soudry, D., Ehrlich, S., Yoffe, O. and Nathan, Y., 2002. Uranium oxidation state and related variations in geochemistry of phosphorites from the Negev (southern Israel). Chemical Geology, 189(3–4): 213–230. . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00144-4
54
Soudry, D., Glenn, C.R., Nathan, Y., Segal, I. and VonderHaar, D., 2006. Evolution of Tethyan phosphogenesis along the northern edges of the Arabian–African shield during the Cretaceous–Eocene as deduced from temporal variations of Ca and Nd isotopes and rates of P accumulation. Earth-Science Reviews, 78(1–2): 27–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.03.005
55
Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1985. Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 311 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313050953
56
Tzifas, I.Tr., Goldelitsas, A., Magganas, A., Anderoulakaki, E., Eleftheriond, G., Mertzimckis, T.J. and Perraki, M., 2014. Uranium-bearing phosphatized limestone of new Greece. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 143: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.03.009
57
Varol, B., 1989. Sedimentray Petrography and Origin of Phosphate Peloids of the Mazıdağ-Derik Area (Mardin, Southeast Turkey). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 109(109): 65–73. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bulletinofmre/issue/3928/52267
58
Veeh, H.H., Calvert, S.E. and Price, N.B., 1974. Accumulation of uranium in sediments and phosphorites on the South West African shelf. Marine Chemistry, 2(3): 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90014-0
59
Voyseh, S., 2017. The prospecting report of rare earth elements in the sedimentary phosphate horizons of Iran. Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, 218 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
60
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371
61
Wright, J., Schrader, H. and Holser, W.T., 1987. Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51(3): 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90075-5
62
Yang, H., Xiao, J., Xia, Y., Xie, Z., Tan, Q., Xu, J., Guo, H., He, S. and Wu, S., 2019. Origin of the Ediacaran Weng'an and Kaiyang phosphorite deposits in the Nanhua basin, SW China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 182: 103–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.103931
63
Ye, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., Zhai, L., Wu, C. and Zhang, S., 2020. Elemental geochemistry of lower Cambrian phosphate nodules in Guizhou Province, South China: An integrated study by LA-ICP-MS mapping and solution ICP-MS. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 538: 109–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109459
64
Zarasvandi, A., Fereydouni, Z., Pourkaseb, H., Sadeghi, M., Mokhtari, B. and Alizadeh, B., 2019. Geochemistry of trace elements and their relations with organic matter in Kuh-e-Sefid phosphorite mineralization, Zagros Mountain, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 104: 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.10.013
65
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
بررسی کانی سازی و ویژگی های میان بارهای سیال در رگه– رگچههای طلادار با میزبان رسوبی در قره کند، جنوب شرق مراغه، آذربایجان شرقی
منطقه قرهکند در فاصله 25 کیلومتری جنوبشرق شهرستان مراغه در استان آذربایجان شرقی واقعشده است. کانیسازی در منطقه قرهکند به صورت رگه- رگچهای در سنگهای میزبان رسوبی رخداده است. دو مرحله کانهزایی در منطقه قرهکند قابلتفکیک هستند. در مرحله اول، رگه- رگچههای کوارتزی همزمان با فرایندهای دگرسانی و کانیسازی طی سه زیرمرحله مجزا (پیشین، میانی و پسین) توسعه یافتهاند. بلورهای کوارتز در رگه- رگچههای کوارتزی، بافتهای برشی، جعبهای، دروزی و شانهای را به نمایش میگذارند. طی مرحله دوم، رگه- رگچههای باریتی شکل گرفتهاند. دگرسانی درونزاد اغلب به صورت توسعه هالههای سیلیسی که جانشین سنگهای میزبان رسوبی در دیواره و اطراف رگه– رگچههای کوارتزی شدهاند، توسعه یافتهاند. کانهزایی سولفیدی (گالن، اسفالریت، پیریت و کالکوپیریت) و طلا در رگچهها و ریزرگچههای کوارتزی زیرمرحله پسین متجلی میشوند. گوتیت، هماتیت، ژاروسیت، مالاکیت و آزوریت در زون اکسیدان و سولفیدهای ثانویه مس (کوولیت، کالکوسیت و دیژنیت) در زون برونزاد تشکیل شدهاند. میانبارهای سیال در بلورهای کوارتز زیرمرحله پسین مورد بررسی قرارگرفته و بر اساس محتوای فازهای اصلی، به سه نوع دوفازی غنی از مایع، تکفاز گازی و دوفازی غنی از گاز طبقهبندی شدهاند. مقادیر دمای همگنشدن میانبارهای سیال دوفازی غنی از مایع در محدوده دمایی 80 تا 220 درجه سانتیگراد قرار میگیرند. دماهای ذوب نهایی یخ از 1/9- تا 7/3- درجه سانتیگراد متغیر بوده که منطبق با شوریهایی بین 6 تا 13 درصد وزنی معادل نمک طعام هستند. بر اساس یافتههای ریزدماسنجی، رخداد جوشش و سردشدن ساده مؤثرترین سازوکارهای نهشت کانیهای کانسنگی و باطله در قرهکند تشخیصداده شدند. همچنین بررسیهای ریزدماسنجی نشان دادند که لیگاندهای کمپلکسساز بیسولفیدی به احتمال زیاد نقشی مهم در حمل فلزات کانسنگی (بهویژه طلا) ایفا کردهاند. ویژگیهای زمینشناسی، یافتههای میانبارهای سیال، کانیشناسی و بافت کانیهای کدر و باطله در رگه- رگچههای کوارتز و باریت نشاندهنده آن است که کانهزایی در قرهکند از قسم اپیترمال نوع سولفید کم است.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40571_beab566eb71b08a3af4dbfdb821d7f70.pdf
2021-08-23
387
409
10.22067/econg.v13i2.87317
میان بار سیال
کانه زایی طلا
اپی ترمال
قره کند
مراغه
فاطمه
حسنی سوقی
f.hassanisoughi@gmail.com
1
گروه علوم زمین، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
علی اصغر
کلاگری
calagaria@yahoo.com
2
گروه علوم زمین، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
AUTHOR
قهرمان
سهرابی
q_sohrabi@yahoo.com
3
گروه زمینشناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
AUTHOR
Alaminia, Z., Bagheri, H. and Salehi, M., 2017. Geochemical and geophysical investigations, and fluid inclusion studies in the exploration area of Zafarghand (Northeast Isfahan, Iran). Journal of Economic Geology, 9(2): 295–312. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v9i2.56334
1
Alavi, M. and Shahrabi, M., 1980. Geological map of the Maragheh, scale 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran. (in Persian)
2
Albinson, T., Norman, D.I., Cole, D. and Chomiak, B., 2001. Controls on formation of low-sulfidation epithermal deposits in Mexico: constraints from fluid inclusion and stable isotope data. In: T. Albinson and C.E. Nelson (Editors), New Mines and Discoveries in Mexico and Central America. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 8, Littleton, pp. 1–32. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.08.01
3
Asadi, H.H., Voncken, J.H.L., Kühnel, R.A. and Hale, M., 2000. Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit, northwest Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 35(7): 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050269
4
Bodnar, R.J., 1983. A method of calculating fluid inclusion volumes based on vapor bubble diameters and PVTX properties of inclusion fluid. Economic Geology, 78(3): 535–542. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.78.3.535
5
Bodnar, R.J., 2003. Introduction to aqueous-electrolyte fluid inclusions. In: I. Samson, A. Anderson and D. Marshal (Editors), Fluid inclusions: Analysis and interpretation. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 32, Quebec, pp. 81–100. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.466.1758&rep=rep1&type=pdf
6
Bodnar, R.J., Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Moncada D. and Steele-MacInnis M., 2014. Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. In: H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian (Editors), Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01105-0
7
Bodnar, R.J., Reynolds, T.J. and Kuehn, C.A., 1985. Fluid-inclusion systematics in epithermal systems. In: B.R. Berger and P.M. Bethke (Editors), Geology and Geochemistry of Epithermal Systems. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp. 73–97. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.02.05
8
Bodnar, R.J. and Vityk, M.O., 1994. Interpretation of microthermometric data for H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions. In: B. De Vivo and M.L. Frezzotti (Editors), Fluid inclusions in minerals: Methods, and Applications. Short Course of the Working Group, Siena, pp. 117–130. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003717232/
9
Camprubí, A. and Albinson, T., 2007. Epithermal deposits in Mexico—update of current knowledge, and an empirical reclassification. In: S.A. Alaniz-Álvarez and Á.F. Nieto-Samaniego (Editors), Geology of Mexico: Celebrating the Centenary of the Geological Society of Mexico. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 422, pp. 377–415. https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2422(14)
10
Corbett, G., 2002. Epithermal gold for explorationists. Australian Institute of Geoscientists, 1: 1–26. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from http://aigjournal.aig.org.au/epithermal-gold-for-explorationists/
11
Daliran, F., 2008. The carbonate rock-hosted epithermal gold deposit of Aghdarreh, Takab geothermal field, NW Iran, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 43(4): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0167-x
12
Diamond, L.W., 2003. Glossary: Terms and symbols used in fluid inclusion studies. In: I. Samson, A. Anderson and D. Marshal (Editors), Fluid inclusions: Analysis and interpretation. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series 32, Canada, pp. 363–372. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGKD200410001069.htm
13
Dong, G., Morrison, G. and Jaireth S., 1995. Quartz textures in epithermal veins, Queensland-Classification, origin, and implication. Economic Geology, 90(6): 1841–1856. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.6.1841
14
Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A.R. and Gonzalez-Urien, E., 2000. Exploration for epithermal gold deposits. In: S.G. Hagemann and P.E. Brown (Editors), Gold in 2000. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp. 245–277. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.13.07
15
Heidari, S.M., Daliran, F., Paquette, J.L. and Gasquet, D., 2015. Geology, timing, and genesis of the high sulfidation Au (-Cu) deposit of Touzlar, NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(2): 460–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.05.013
16
Maghsoudi, A., Rahmani, M. and Rashidi, B., 2004. Gold deposits and indications of Iran. Arian Zamin publication, Tehran, 364 pp. (in Persian)
17
Mehrabi, B., Chaghaneh, N. and Tale Fazel, E., 2014. Intermediate sulfidation epithermal mineralization of No. 4 anomaly of Golojeh deposit (N. Zanjan) based on mineralography, alteration and ore fluid geochemistry features. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(1): 1–22. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v6i1.38302
18
Mehrabi, B., Yardley, B.W.D. and Cann, J.R., 1999. Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Zarshuran, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 34(7): 673–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050227
19
Moncada, D., Baker, D. and Bodnar, R.J., 2017. Mineralogical, petrographic and fluid inclusion evidence for the link between boiling and epithermal Ag-Au mineralization in the La Luz area, Guanajuato Mining District, México. Ore Geology Reviews, 89: 143–170. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.05.024
20
Moncada, D., Mutchler, S., Nieto, A., Reynolds, T.J., Rimstidt, J.D. and Bodnar, R.J., 2012. Mineral textures and fluid inclusion petrography of the epithermal Ag–Au deposits at Guanajuato, Mexico: Application to exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 114: 20–35. http://doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.12.001
21
Pirajno, F., 2009. Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems. Springer Science, New York, 1273 pp. http://doi:10.1007/978-1-4020/8613-7
22
Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blackie, Glasgow, 239 pp.
23
Sillitoe, S.H. and Hedenquist, J.W., 2003. Linkages between volcanotectonic settings, Ore-fluid composition, and epithermal precious metal deposits. In: S.F. Simmons and I. Graham (Editors), Volcanic, geothermal and ore forming processes: Rulers and witnesses of processes within the Earth. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 10, Littleton, pp. 315–343. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.471.4595&rep=rep1&type=pdf
24
Simmons, S.F., White, N.C. and John, D.A., 2005. Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. In: J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb and J.P. Richards (Editors), Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, CO, U.S.A, pp. 485–522. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.16
25
Sohrabi, G., Rezaei Aghdam, M. and Nasiri Ganjinehketab, M., 2017. Introduction of Gold mineralization related to silicic veins with carbonate host rocks in SE Maragheh (Gharehkand). 35th National Geosciences Congress, Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)
26
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonic of Iran: A review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52(7): 1229–1258. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
27
Vikre, P.G., 1985. Precious metal vein systems in the National District, Humboldt County, Nevada. Economic Geology, 80(2): 360–393. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.360
28
White, N.C. and Hedenquist, J.W., 1995. Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, characteristics and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, 23(1): 9–13. Retrieved September 1, 2021 from https://www.segweb.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=EDOCNSL23&Category=NSL&WebsiteKey=1606b52c-0bf9-444b-adca-192d063f5db4
29
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371
30
Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55(1): 229–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کاربرد مدل نمایی پراش- مسافت در بررسی های ژئوشیمیایی کانسار روی کالامین (مجتمع معدنی مهدی آباد یزد)
معدن روی- سرب کالامین (مهدی آباد، یزد، ایران مرکزی)، یک رخنمون اقتصادی غیرسولفیدی با منشأ رسوبی- آتشفشانی است که بر اساس سوابق اکتشافی منطقه، از ویژگی های زمین شناختی و ژئوشیمیایی متناسب با محیط های سوپرژن برخوردار است. در این پژوهش، از سه رهیافت رگرسیون خطی، توزیع پواسونی و تغییرات بعد فرکتال برای بازبینی توزیع های ژئوشیمیایی و معرفی اولویت های اکتشافی منطقه مورد بررسی استفاده شده است. مقایسه ضرایب رگرسیون خطی و توزیع پواسونی عناصر مختلف، بیانگر تمایل نسبی آنها به توزیع غیرخطی است. بنابراین از مدل نمایی پراش- مسافت برای دستیابی به تغییرات بعد فرکتالی 13 عنصر شاخص و ردیاب ذخایر بروندمی استفاده شده است. تعیین سطح توزیع براونی هر عنصر، ملاک هندسی جدیدی است که با فرایند خودساماندهی ژئوشیمیایی در سامانه های ماگمایی، گرمابی و آتشفشانی سازگاری دارد. در پیش بینی به روش فرکتال، از الگوی ناحیه بندی ترکیبی شامل 10 عنصر با سطوح آرمانی و 3 عنصر با سطوح نزدیک به سطح براونی برای معرفی اولویت های اکتشافی منطقه استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهند که عناصر آرسنیک، روی و آنتیموان از سطوح توزیع براونی مطلوب (FD>2 3>) برای تولید مؤلفه های متناظر (عیارهای متناظر) برخوردارند. تغییرات بعد فرکتالی سرب، مس، نقره و گوگرد از نوع محدود، اما قابل برازش با سطوح براونی آرسنیک، روی و آنتیموان بوده و بیانگر ناحیه بندی ژئوشیمیایی متناسب با فرایند غنی شدگی در عمق رخساره های دگرسانی است. لذا بر اساس نقشه پیش داوری مبتنی بر تحلیل های واریوفرکتالی، امکان دستیابی به ذخایر هیپوژنیک در برخی از اهداف اکتشافی منطقه کالامین وجود دارد.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40561_eeeaac612b44f91b6beb40fc7b515767.pdf
2021-08-23
411
434
10.22067/econg.v13i2.87140
سطح براونی
کالامین
کانی سازی روی و سرب
مدل پراش – مسافت
نسرین
صدرمحمدی
nasrin_sadrmohammady@yahoo.com
1
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
سید رضا
مهرنیا
srmehrniya@pnu.ac.ir
2
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
AUTHOR
خلیل
رضایی
kh.rezaei@gmail.com
3
گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی ، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
سلما
کادی اوغلو
selma.kadioglu@ankara.edu.tr
4
گروه مهندسی ژئوفیزیک، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه آنکارا، آنکارا، ترکیه
AUTHOR
محمود
هنرور
mhnv2000@yahoo.com
5
گروه زمین شناسی، شرکت مهندسین مشاور زمین آب پی، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Abdoli-Sereshgi, H., Ganji, A., Ashja-Ardalan, A., Torshizian, H. and Taheri, J. 2019. Detection of metallic prospects using staged factor and fractal analysis in Zouzan region, NE Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 11(4): 256–266. Retrieved October 16, 2019 from http://ijes.mshdiau.ac.ir/article_669400.html
1
Afzal, P., Alghalandis, Y.F., Khakzad, A., Moarefvand, P. and Rashidnejad-Omran, N., 2011. Delineation of mineralization zones in porphyry Cu deposits by fractal concentration-Volume modeling. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 108(3): 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.03.005
2
Afzal, P., Yousefi, M., Mirzaei, M., Ghadiri-Sufi, E., Ghasemzadeh, S. and Daneshvar-Saein, L. 2019. Delineation of podiform-type chromite mineralization using Geochemical Mineralization Prospectivity Index (GMPI) and staged factor analysis in Balvard area (southern Iran). Journal of Mining and Environment, 10(3): 705–715. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2019.8107.1678
3
Agterberg, F.P., 2012. Multifractals and geostatistics. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 122: 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.04.001
4
Akbari, E. and Mehrnia, R., 2013. Association of Silica Fractal Distribution with Gold Mineralization: a case study from the Takmeh-Dash Region, NW of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Tethys, 1(4): 241–253. Retrieved November 28, 2013 from http://journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2773.html
5
Alipour-Shahsavari, M., Afzal, P. and Hekmatnejad, A. 2020. Identification of geochemical anomalies using fractal and LOLIMOT neuro-fuzzy modeling in Mial area, Central Iran. Journal of Mining and Environment, 11(1): 99–117. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2019.8465.1727
6
Bölviken, B., Stokke, P.R., Feder, J. and Jössang, T., 1992. The fractal nature of geochemical landscapes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 43(2) :91–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(92)90001-O
7
Bonham-Carter, G.F., 1998. Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modeling with GIS. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 398 pp.
8
Carranza, E.J.M., 2009. Controls on mineral deposit occurrence inferred from analysis of their spatial pattern and spatial association with geological features. Ore Geology Reviews, 35(3–4): 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.01.001
9
Carranza, E.J.M., Owusu, E.A. and Hale, M., 2009. Mapping of prospectivity and estimation of number of undiscovered prospects for lode gold, southwestern Ashanti Belt, Ghana. Mineralium Deposita, 44(8): 915–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-009-0250-6
10
Carranza, E.J.M. and Sadeghi, M., 2010. Predictive mapping of prospectivity and quantitative estimation of undiscovered VMS deposits in Skellefte district (Sweden). Ore Geology Reviews, 38(3): 219–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.02.003
11
Chen, G., Cheng, Q. and Zuo, R., 2016. Fractal analysis of geochemical landscapes using scaling noise model. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 161: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.11.003
12
Cheng, Q., Xu, Y. and Grunsky, E., 2000. Integrated spatial and spectrum method for geochemical anomaly separation. Natural Resources Research 9(1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010109829861
13
Cheng, Q., Xia, Q., Li, W., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Zuo, R. and Wang, W., 2010. Density/area power-law models for separating multi-scale anomalies of ore and toxic elements in stream sediments in Gejiu mineral district, Yunnan Province, China. Biogeosciences, 7(10): 3019–3025. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3019-2010
14
Daneshvar-Saein, L., 2017. Delineation of enriched zones of Mo, Cu and Re by concentration-volume fractal model in Nowchun Mo-Cu porphyry deposit, SE Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 9(1): 64–74. Retrieved January 3, 2017 from https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=542407
15
Davis, J.C., 2002. Statistics and data analysis in geology. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 638 pp.
16
Ebrahim-Mohseni, M., 2011. Study of genesis of Mehdiabad deposit using fluid inclusion and stable isotope. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran, 166 pp.
17
Farahmandfar, Z., Jafari, M.R., Afzal, P. and Ashja Ardalan, A., 2020. Description of gold and copper anomalies using fractal and stepwise factor analysis according to stream sediments in NW Iran. Geopersia, 10(1): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2019.265535.648413
18
Grigoryan, S.V., 1974. Primary geochemical halos in prospecting and exploration of hydrothermal deposits. International Geology Review, 16)1(: 12–25. https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2019.265535.648413
19
Hashemi-Marand, Gh., Jafari, M.R., Afzal, P. and Khakzad, A., 2018. Determination of relationship between silver and lead mineralization based on fractal modeling in Mehdiabad Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Central Iran. Geosciences, 27(106): 111–118. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2018.58371
20
Hassani-Pak, A.A., 2012. Principles of geochemical exploration. University of Tehran Publication, Tehran, 615 pp. (in Persian)
21
Koosha Mining Company, 2018. Prepared Geological map 1:1000 Calamine mine, Yazd. Mehdiabad Mining Complex.
22
Luz, F., Mateus, A., Matos, J.X. and Goncalves, M.A., 2014. Cu-and Zn-soil anomalies in the NE border of the south Portuguese zone (Iberian Variscides, Portugal) identified by multifractal and geostatistical analyses. Natural Resources Research, 23(2): 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9217-5
23
Maghfouri, S., 2017. Geology, Geochemistry, Ore Controlling Parameters and Genesis of Early Cretaceous Carbonate-clastic Hosted Zn-Pb Deposits in Southern Yazd Basin, with Emphasis on Mehdiabad Deposit. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran, 475 PP.
24
Mandelbrot, B.B., 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W.H. Freeman, San Fransisco, 468 pp.
25
Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B., 1984. Scale-Dependent Fractal Dimensions of Topographic Surfaces: An Empirical Investigation, with Applications in Geomorphology and Computer Mapping. Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, 16(7): 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01033029
26
Mehrnia, S.R., 2009. Using Fractal Filtering Technique for Processing ETM Data as Main Criteria for Evaluating of Gold Indices in North West of Iran. International Conference on Computer Technology and Development, ICCTD, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTD.2009.29
27
Mehrnia, S.R., 2013. Application of fractal geometry for recognizing the pattern of textural zoning in epithermal deposits (case study: Sheikh-Darabad Cu-Au indices, East-Azarbaijan province). Journal of Economic Geology, 5(1): 23–36. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v5i1.22885
28
Mehrnia, S.R., 2017. Application of Fractal Technique for Analysis of Geophysical - Geochemical Databases in Tekieh Pb-Zn Ore Deposit (SE of Arak). Journal of Economic Geology, 8(2): 325–342. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v8i2.42454
29
Mehrnia, S.R., Ebrahimzadeh-Ardestani, V. and Teymoorian-Motlagh, A., 2013. Application of fractal method to determine the Bouguer density of Charak Region (South of Iran). Iranian Journal of Geophysics, 7(1): 34–50. http://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_40598.html?lang=en
30
Morison, G., 2003. AMIRA Project, Revised version: Evaluating of Gold Mineralization Potentials in Queensland Epithermal Systems, Queensland J.C Univ. press, Queensland, Australia, 249 pp.
31
Parsa, M., Maghsoudi, A. and Ghezelbash, R., 2016. Decomposition of anomaly patterns of multi-element geochemical signatures in Ahar area, NW Iran: a comparison of U-spatial statistics and fractal models. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(260): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2435-5
32
Pourfaraj, H., 2016. Structural analysis of fault systems in Mehdiabad Zn-Pb Mine area, SE Yazd. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 192 pp.
33
Reichert, J., Borg, G. and Rashidi, B., 2003. Mineralogy of calamine ore from the Mehdi Abad zinc-lead deposit, Central Iran. 7th Biennial Meeting, Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits; Mineral exploration and sustainable development, Athens, Greece. Retrieved December 16, 2003 from https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/BLCP%3ACN057745834/Mineralogy-of-calamine-ore-from-the-Mehdi-Abad/
34
Soltani, F., Moarefvand, P., Alinia, F. and Afzal, P. 2020. Detection of Main Rock Type for Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Mineralization Using Staged Factor and Fractal Analysis in Gazestan Iron-Apatite Deposit, Central Iran. Geopersia, 10(1): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2019.279698.648474
35
Teymoorian-Motlagh, A., Ebrahimzadeh-Ardestani, V. and Mehrnia, R., 2012. Fractal method for determining the density of the stone tablet in Charak region (southern Iran). Life Science Journal. 9(4): 1913–1923. https://doi.org/ 10.7537/marslsj090412.290
36
Thorarinsson, F. and Magnusson, S.G., 1990. Bouguer density determination by fractal analysis. Geophysics, 55(7): 932–935. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442909
37
Wang, Q., Deng, J., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Sun, X. and Wan, L., 2011. Fractal models for estimating local reserves with different mineralization qualities and spatial variations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 108(3): 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.02.008
38
Wei, Sh. and Pengda, Zh., 2002. Theoretical study of statistical fractal model applications to mineral resource prediction. Computers and Geosciences, 28(3): 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00052-8
39
Zuo, R., and Wang, J., 2016. Fractal/multifractal modeling of geochemical data: A review. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 164: 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.04.010
40
Zuo, R., Carranza, E.J.M. and Wang, J., 2016. Spatial analysis and visualization of exploration geochemical data. Earth-Science Reviews, 158: 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.04.006
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مدل سازی زمین شناسی- اکتشافی کانسار مس نارباغی شمالی ساوه و تخمین ذخیره کانسار با استفاده از رویکردهای بلوک بندی، مدل شبکه دوبعدی و انباشتگی دوبعدی
به دلیل پیچیدگی های ذاتی زمین شناسی، محدودیت اطلاعات اکتشافی در دسترس، زمانبر و مشکل بودن محاسبات مربوطه، مدلسازی داده های اکتشافی کانسارهای فلزی کمعیار با استفاده از نرم افزارهای تخصصی قوی گریزناپذیر است. در این پژوهش، مدلسازی ریاضی سه بعدی زمین شناسی، عیارسنجی و ذخیره کانسار مس نارباغی شمالی ساوه با استفاده از اطلاعات چاه نگار و عیارسنجی تعداد 23 حلقه گمانه اکتشافی با مجموع متراژ حفاری 2425 متر با استفاده از قابلیت های نرم افزار RockWorks صورتگرفت. برای این منظور، واریوگرافی و تجزیه و تحلیل ساختار فضایی کانسار با استفاده از نرم افزار SGeMS انجامشد که بر اساس آن کانسار ناهمسانگرد بوده و شعاع های بیضوی تجسس (شعاع تأثیر در جهتهای مختلف) برابر با 50، 130 و 433 متر بهدست آمد. مدلسازی داده های عیارسنجی و تخمین ذخیره کانسار با استفاده از روش های مختلف موجود در نرم افزار همانند بلوکبندی از طریق منوی I-Data، تخمین ذخیره به روش مدل شبکه دوبعدی و انباشتگی دوبعدی برای شش رده عیار حد 1000،1500،2000،2500،3000 و 3500 گرم در تن نشان می دهد که در برخی موارد، نتایج روش های مختلف با یکدیگر بسیار متفاوت است. بهطورکلی، برای تخمین ذخیره منطقه مورد بررسی، دقت روش بلوک بندی از طریق منوی I-Data و روش انباشتگی دوبعدی از دیگر روش های موجود در نرم افزار بیشتر است. در مجموع، با متوسط گیری از میزان ذخیره و عیار متوسط محاسبهشده توسط روش های تخمین ذخیره مورد استفاده، ذخیره کلی کانسار به ازای عیار حد 1/0 درصد (1000 گرم در تن) حدود 500000 تن با عیار متوسط 8/0 درصد برآورد شد. نتایج این پژوهش به ویژه نحوه انتخاب مؤلفههای گوناگون در بخش های مختلف نرم افزار، برای مدلسازی دیگر کانسارهای فلزی مشابه با کانسار مورد بررسی در کمان ماگمایی ارومیه- دختر، قابلتعمیم است.
https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40567_a87104b6be812d23dd819c9207599301.pdf
2021-08-23
435
462
10.22067/econg.v13i2.85341
کانسار مس نارباغی شمالی ساوه
مدلسازی زمین شناسی- اکتشافی
واریوگرافی
تخمین ذخیره
بلوک بندی
مدل شبکه دوبعدی
انباشتگی دوبعدی
Rockworks
رضا
احمدی
rezahmadi@gmail.com
1
گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکده مهندسی علوم زمین، دانشگاه صنعتی اراک، اراک، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmadi, R., 2010. Application of statistical patterns for ore reserve estimation emphasis to Ali-abad, Yazd copper mine. Arak University of Technology, Arak, Report 1, 102 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
1
Ahmadi, R., 2019. Ore reserve evaluation: digital textbook. Arak University of Technology, Arak, 250 pp. (in Persian)
2
Ahmadi, R. and Afzali, N., 2017. 3-D modeling of Khomein-Robat Pb-Zn deposit using Rockworks software. 10th National Geology Conference of PNU, Payame Noor University, Tabriz, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)
3
Ahmadi, R. and Rezapour, M.R., 2019. Proposing the optimum locations for drilling in Saveh North-Narbaghi porphyry copper deposit on the basis of geophysical data modeling. Scientific Quarterly of Iranian Association of Engineering Geology, 12(4): 95–121. (in Persian with English abstract)
4
Ahmadi, R. and Sadat Koodehi, S.M., 2018. Classification and reserve estimation of Robat Arregije Pb-Zn deposit, Khomein Township, Markazi Province, using geostatistical methods. New Findings in Applied Geology, 12(24): 39–53. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22084/NFAG.2018.15657.1296
5
Alavi, M., 1991. Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the paleo-Tethys remnants in Northeastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(8): 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0983:SASCOT>2.3.CO;2
6
Annels, A.E., 2012. Mineral deposit evaluation: A practical approach. Springer Science & Business Media, Springer Netherlands, 436 pp.
7
Ashrafpour, E., 2010. Geological-mineral deposit map of Northern-Narabaghi, Saveh, Markazi province, scale 1:1000. Zagros Mes Sazan Company.
8
Ataeepour, M., 2019. Principles of 2D ore-body modelling. Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Poly technique), Tehran, 326 pp. (in Persian)
9
Bohling, G., 2007. SGeMS tutorial notes in hydrogeophysics: theory, methods, and modeling. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 26 pp.
10
Erickson, Jr.A.J., 1992. Geological interpretation, modeling and representation. In: H. Hartman (Editor), SME Mining Engineering Handbook. SME-AIME, New York, pp. 333–343.
11
Fazli, N., Ghaderi, M., Lentz, D. and Li, J., 2019. Geology, alteration, mineralization and geochemistry of the North Narbaghi epithermal Ag-Cu deposit, northeast Saveh. Scientific Quaterly Journal, GEOSCIENCES, 28(112): 13–22. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.otg/ 10.22071/GSJ.2018.97142.1246
12
Ghaderi, M., Fazli, N., Yan, S. and Lentz, G.R., 2016. Fluid inclusion studies on North Narbaghi intermediate sulphidation epithermal Ag-Cu deposit, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran. World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2016), Duo hotel, Prague, Czech Republic.
13
Goovaerts, P., 1997. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 483 pp.
14
Hassanipak, A.A., 2000. Modeling of metallic and nonmetallic deposits and their exploration application. Tehran University Press, Tehran, 512 pp. (in Persian)
15
Madani, H., 1995. Basics of Geostatistics. Amirkabir University of Technology- Tafresh branch, Tafresh, 659 pp. (in Persian)
16
Madani, H., 1997. Principles of prospecting, exploration and evaluation of ore reserves. Khane Farhang, Tehran, 816 pp. (in Persian)
17
Pichab Kansar consultant engineers Co., 2015. Final report of exploration operation in the region of North-Narbaghi copper deposit. Zagros Mes Sazan Company, Tehran, Report 2, 356 pp. (in Persian)
18
Remy, N., Boucher, A. and Wu, J., 2006. SGeMS User’s Guide. Stanford University, Stanford, 129 pp.
19
Remy, N., Boucher, A. and Wu, J., 2009. Applied Geostatistics with SGeMS: A User's Guide. Cambridge University Press, New York, 284 pp.
20
Revuelta, M.B., 2017. Mineral Resources: From exploration to sustainability assessment. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 653 pp.
21
Stoecklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: A Review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 25(7): 1229–1258. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
22
Surur, A.N., 2008. Surveying, modelling and visualisation of geological structures in the Tunberget tunnel. M.Sc. Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 75 pp.
23
Tutorial – RockWare, 2016. 197 pp., Retrieved November 25, 2019 from https://www.rockware.com/downloads/documentation/rockworks/rw16_tutorial_from_chm.pdf
24
Young, D.R., 2008. The effect of ignoring the sample support on the global and local mean grade estimates, mineral resource classification and project valuation of variable width Merensky and UG2 Reef ore bodies. Third International Platinum Conference ‘Platinum in Transformation, The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Sun City, South Africa. Retrieved November 25, 2019 from https://www.saimm.co.za/Conferences/Pt2008/063-76_Young.pdf
25