ارزیابی مناسب‌ بودن ماسه‌ سنگ پاب برای کاربردهای صنعتی، محدوده پاب جنوبی پاکستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشگاه کراچی، کراچی، پاکستان

2 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشگاه کراچی، کراچی، پاکستان

3 دانشجوی دکتری، سازمان زمین‌شناسی پاکستان، کراچی، پاکستان

4 کارشناسی ارشد، شرکت سیمان کوهات، کوهات، پاکستان

چکیده

ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی ماسه‌سنگ پاب سن کرتاسه برای کاربردهای صنعتی آن انجام‌شد. برای این منظور، نمونه‌های ماسه‌سنگی (25=n) برای آنالیز سنگ‌نگاری و زمین‌شیمیایی از محدوده پاب منطقه خوزدر جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌های سنگ‌نگاری نشان می‌دهد که ماسه‌سنگ اغلب از کوارتز و به دنبال آن فلدسپات و کانی‌های سنگین به مقدار کم تشکیل‌شده است. تجزیه و تحلیل بافت نشان‌داد که دانه‌ها نیمه‌گرد تا زاویه‌ای، طبقه‌بندی متوسط و درشت تا ریز هستند. تجزیه و تحلیل زمین‌شیمیایی نشان‌داد که میانگین محتوای SiO2 حدود 57/93 درصد و Al2O3  تنها حدود 65/1 درصد است که نشان‌دهنده غالب‌بودن کوارتز است. از سوی دیگر، میانگین غلظت ‌Fe2O3، Na2O وK2O،CaO  و MgO به ترتیب 54/1، 11/0 و  05/0، 26/2 و 45/0 درصد است. از سوی دیگر، محتوای SO3 به طور متوسط.02/0 درصد است. نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که ماسه‌سنگ پاب برای تولید محصولات شیشه‌ای مانند شیشه مصری، الیاف شیشه، شیشه ظرف سیلیکا سودا لیم و شیشه رومی مناسب است. ماسه سنگ پاب بیش از 90 درصد سیلیس دارد و CaO و Fe2O3 دو ناخالصی اصلی هستند که باید حذف شوند؛ بنابراین محتوای سیلیس تا 99 درصد افزایش می‌یابد. از این رو، آن را برای ریخته‌گری، سرامیک و سیلیکاژل مناسب می‌کند. بهره‌گیری برای تولید انواع دیگر شیشه و همچنین برای سایر کاربردهای صنعتی مورد نیاز است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Ahmad, N., Zeb, Y. and ul-Haq, N., 2015. Key to Success for Exploration of Pab Formation in Kirthar Foldbelt Annual Technical Conference (ATC) of SPE and Pakistan Association of Petroleum Geoscientists (PAPG) 2015, Islamabad, Pakistan, V. 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301654934_Key_to_Success_for_Exploration_of_Pab_Formation_in_Kirthar_Foldbelt
Ahmed, F., Kasi, A.‌K., Mohibullah, M. and Manan, R.‌A., 2021. Petrology and geochemistry of the late cretaceous Pab Formation, western Suleiman fold-thrust-belt, Pakistan: Implications for provenance and paleo-weathering. Journal of Mountain Area Research, 6: 45–62. https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v6i0.98
Austin, G.T., 1984. Shreve’s chemical process industries. McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York, 859 pp. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.scribd.com/doc/296118182/Chemical-Process-Industries-5th-Ed-Shreve-s-pdf#
Bolen, W.‌P., 1996. Sand and gravel, industrial. In 1995 Minerals year book. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 715–730.
Bourne, H.L., 1994. Glass raw materials. In D.D. Carr (Editor), Industrial minerals and rocks. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, PP. 543–650.
British Standard Institution, 1988. Methods for sampling and analysis of glass-making sands, BS 2975. ISBN(s) 0580161978, 16 pp. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?&input_search_filter=BSI&input_doc_number=2975&input_doc_title=&org_code=BSI
Carr, D.‌D., 1971. Specialty sand resources of Indiana (Bulletin 42-F). Bloomington, In: Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey.  Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/27493/B42F_A1b.pdf?sequence=1
 Edem, C.‌A., Malu, S.‌P. and Ita, B.‌I. 2014. Characterization and Beneficiation of the glass making potentials of silica sand deposits from River Benue North Central Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 4(19): 49–56.  Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=e92f035c406ef1915832efe044185774af476945
Faruqui, F.‌A., Chohan, N.‌A. and Ashraf, M., 1967. Mineralogical and Ceramic Properties of West Pakistan Feldspars. Science and industry, 15: 325–337.
Faruqui, F.A. and Hanif, M., 1970. A study of glass sand from Pipri and Feni areas. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research PJSIR, 12: 479–482.  Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.pjsir.org/documents/journals/27052009152612_vol12-4-year-1969.pdf
Fatima, M., 2021. Suitability Assessment of Desert Sand from Thar Sindh for Various Industrial Applications, (unpublished report) Geological map of Pakistan, 1964. Geological Survey of Pakistan. Prepared as part of the mineral exploration and development programme, sponsored by Government of Pakistan and United States Agency for international Development. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from  https://www.worldcat.org/title/geological-map-of-pakistan/oclc/642553649
Gupta, A.K. Dan, T.K. and Rohatgi, P.K., 1986. Aluminum alloy-silica sand composites: preparation and properties. Journal of Materials Science, 21: 3413–3419.  Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402980
GWP Consultants, LLP, 2010. A study of silica sand quality and end uses in Surrey and Kent. Final for Kent and Surrey County Councils, (unpublished report).
Khan, A., Naz, B., Fatima, A., Fatima, M. and Dawood, A., 2019. Assessment of Oligocene Sandstone for Glass Industry: Case study of Halkani Sandstone Member, Sona Pass area, Karachi Pakistan. International journal of ground Sediment and Water, 8: 405–429.  https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2994857
Ketner, K.‌B., 1973. Silica sand. In D.A. Brobst and W.P. Pratt (Editors), United States mineral resources professional paper 820. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, pp. 577–580.
Kuzvart, M., 1984. Industrial minerals and rocks. Developments in Economic Geology 18. Elsevier Pub. Co., pp. 300–304.
Lamar, J.‌E., 1928. Geology and economic resources of St. Peter sandstone of Illinois. Division of the state geological survey Bulletin, 53: 202. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/42902
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I., Khosa, M.H., Tariq, S., Saeed, F., Khan, G. and Faiz, J., 2016. Mineral resources of Pakistan-an update. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology, 5: 90–114. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315707448_Mineral_Resources_of_Pakistanan_update
Malu, S.P., Edem, C.‌A. and Ita, B.‌I. 2015. Chemical characterization of silica sand deposit from river katsina-ala, north central region of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 3 (1): 26-40. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Chemical-Characterization-of-Silica-Sand-Deposit-From-River-Katsina-Ala-North-Central-Region-of-Nigeria..pdf
Mansour, M|., 2015. Develop a strategic forecast of silica sand based on supply chain decomposition. International Journal of Engineering (IJE), 9:(1): 9–27. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.cscjournals.org/library/manuscriptinfo.php?mc=IJE-474
McLaws, A., 1970. Uses and specification of silica sand. Alberta Energy Regulator Earth Sciences Report 1971–04. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://ags.aer.ca/publication/esr-1971-04
Moiola, R.‌J. and Weiser, D., 1968. Textural parameters. An evaluation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 38: 45–53. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2473077
Moghal, M.‌A., Saqi, M.‌I. and Jamij, M.‌A., 2012. Hydrocarbon Potential of Tight Sand Reservoir (Pab Sandstone) in Central Indus Basin-Pakistan. Search and Discovery Article, 50608. Retrieved April 05, 2023 from  https://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2012/50608moghal/ndx_moghal.pdf.html
Platias, S., Vatalis, K.I. and Charalampides, G., 2014. Suitability of quartz sand for different industrial applications. Procedia economics and finance, 14: 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00738-2
Raghavan, P., Chandrasekhar, S., Chandra, I.R.A., Ramaswamy, John, V. and Antony, V., 2006. Development of a beneficiation flow sheet for processing silica sand from chartula Area of Kerala. Proceedings of the international seminar on mineral processing technology, 320–327. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Development-of-a-Beneficiation-Flow-Sheet-for-Sand-Raghavan-Chandrasekhar/be69c0dcbcd12fd1e83186ed8f0d15116d895ba4
Silvestri, A., Molin, G., Salviulo, G. and Schievenin, R. 2006. Sand for roman glass production: an experimental and philogical study on source of supply. Archaenometry 48: 415–432. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SAND-FOR-ROMAN-GLASS-PRODUCTION%3A-AN-EXPERIMENTAL-ON-Silvestri-Molin/65af8765afa0b0f3d32a120123e358024758ce66
Srivastava, J., 1978. Glass sand deposits and sandstones suitable for glass manufacture in Morena, Grid (Gwalior) and Shivpuri Districts, Madhya Pradish. Indian Miner. (Calcutta), 32: 12–19.
Sundararajan, M., Ramaswany, S. and Raghavan, P. 2009. Evaluation for the beneficiability of yellow silica sand from the overburden of lignite mine situated in Rajpardi District of Gujarate. India Journal of Mineral and Material Characterization and Engineering 8(7): 569–581. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2009.87050
Tsoar, H., Blumberg, D.G. and Stoler, Y. 2004. Elongation and migration of sand dunes. Geomorphology 57: 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X (03) 00161-2
 Umar, M., Friis, H., Khan, A.‌S., Kassi, A.‌M. and Kasi, A.K., 2011. The effects of digenesis on the reservoir characters in sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation, Kirthar Fold Belt, southern Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(2): 622-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.10.014
US Standard, 1965. Glass production guide: production of US Glass Association.
Wilkinson, B. H. 2005. Humans as geologic agents: A deep-time perspective. Geology, 33(3): 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21108.1
CAPTCHA Image